Japanese Orthography (Part 3) 「Transliteration of foreign words, voiced, twisted, and assimilated sounds」 Transliteration With the transliteration of foreign words into katakana, long vowels are denoted with the uses of a lengthening stroke (ー) Examples: コーヒー Kōhī Coffee ビール Bīru Beer ボール Bōru Ball(s) エスカレーター Esukarētā Escalator Two exceptions to this extension stroke rule are Eight (エイト) and Spain (スペイン) ”Voiced” Sounds "Voiced" sounds (daku-on or "Muddied" sounds) g-, z-, d-, and b- are identified with usage of short diagonal strokes (nigori) on the upper right-hand corner of the unvoiced character, and the "half muddled" sound (hanadaki-on) p- is primarily denoted with a small circle (maru) Examples: Ga 「が・ガ」 Za「ざ・ザ」 Da「だ・ダ」 Ba「ば・バ」 Pa「ぱ・パ」 "Twisted" Sounds "Twisted" sounds (Yō-on) also borrow characters from hiragana and katakana, they are denoted with two kana; the first being from the i column, and the second from the ya row. The smaller kana is used to denote the merging of the two separate characters into a single syllable. Examples: Kya 「きゃ・キャ」 Kyu「きゅ・キュ」 Kyo「きょ・キョ」 Gya「ぎゃ・ギャ」 Gyu「ぎゅ・ギュ」 Gyo「ぎょ・ギョ」 ”Assimilated” Sounds ”Assimilated” sounds (soku-on) otherwise known as sounds that are represented when using romaji by a doubled consonant , these are identified by a small つ・ツ before the extended consonant sound. Examples: れっしゃ Ressha Train じっぷん Jippun Ten Minutes ロケット Roketto Rocket ʿʿ˅⁽ˆ⁰ˆ˺ ⁾˺ こゆうきあいはら ʿʿ˅⁽ˆ⁰ˆ˺ ⁾˺
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AuthorKoyuuki Aihara Archives
December 2020
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