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Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred+noniのに」 ”Although" The particle noni when used as a conjunction, indicates a state that is followed by a result contrary to expectation. If the predicate of the main clause (the clause following noni) is past tense, the tense of the noni clause (the subordinate clause) may be either present or past tense. Examples: かれは頭が痛いのに薬を飲まない。 Kare wa atama ga itai noni kusuri o nomanai. Although he has a headache, he doesn't take medicine. 魚は新しかったのにおいしくなかった。 Sakana wa atarashikatta noni oishiku nakatta. Although the fish was fresh, it didn't taste good. その道は夜でも安全な/安全だったのにだれも通らなかった。 Sono michi wa yoru demo anzen'na/ anzen datta noni dare mo tōranakatta. Although the street was safe even at night, no one passed along it. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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元 「4 Strokes」 「Gen・Origin; (Chinese monetary unit) Gan・OriginーMoto・Origin (as prefix), former, ex-」 元ガールフレンドとまだ話していますか？ Moto gārufurendo to mada hanashite imasu ka? 「Do you still talk to your ex-girlfriend?」 Other uses for 元 地元「じもと」Jimoto・Local 元気「げんき」Genki・Healthy, peppy 元日「がんじつ」Ganjitsu・New year's day 元金「がんきん」Gankin・Principle (vs. interest), Principal amount Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Interrogative + (particle) + Vdic+Kaか」 ”（I don't know/can't tell) when, what, etc." An interrogative (with or without a particle) followed by Vdic ka, is used to express a question embedded in a sentence. Examples: 何が起こるかわかりません。 Nani ga okoru ka wakarimasen. I can't tell what will happen. どちらが負けるかわかりません。 Dochira ga makeru ka wakarimasen. Which one of them will lose, I can't tell. 小野さんがいつ留学するか知りません。 Ono-san ga itsu ryūgaku suru ka shirimasen. I don't know when Miss Ono will study abroad. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「No・の」 「Part 3」 II: Can be used to nominalize verbs and adjectives. 「１」Simple nominalizer: "-ing, what." Examples: 天気が悪いですから、ドライブに行くのはやめましょう。 Tenki ga warui desu kara, doraibu ni iku no wa yamemashou. Since the weather is bad, let's call off going for a drive. 外国語を学ぶのは、むずかしいですね。 Gaikoku-go o manabu no wa, muzukashii desu ne. Learning a foreign language is difficult, isn't it? 彼女が欲しいのは、新しいピアノです。 Kanojo ga hoshii no wa, atarashii piano desu. What she wants is a new piano. 「２」Used as a nominalizer before verbs of perception (e.g., mieru [to be visible], kikoeru [to be audible]). Examples: このビルの屋上から、車が走っているのがよく見えます。 Kono biru no okujō kara, kuruma ga hashitte iru no ga yoku miemasu. From the rooftop of this building, you can clearly see the cars going by. 女の人が歌っているのが聞こえます。ね。 Onna no hito ga utatte iru no ga kikoemasu. Ne. You can hear a woman singing, can't you. Hope this helps, and see you for part 4! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 In Japanese, a noun followed by the particle wa is the topic of the sentence, and a noun coming after the topic and followed by the particle ni is used to indicate where the topic (someone or something) is. Examples: 私の車はホテルの前にあります。 Watashi no kuruma wa hoteru no mae ni arimasu. My car is in front of the hotel. ジョンソンさんは今大阪にいます。 Jonson-san wa ima Ōsaka ni imasu. Mr. Johnson is in Osaka now. 台所用品はデパートの5階にあった。 Daidokoro yōhin wa depāto no 5-kai ni atta. Kitchenware was on the fifth floor of the department store. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 汽 「7 Strokes」 「Ki・Steam」 汽のパワーは、あなたが考えるよりも有用です。 Ki no pawā wa, anata ga kangaeru yori mo yūyō desu. The power of steam is more useful than you would think. Other uses for 汽 汽車「きしゃ」Kisha・Train 原 「10 Strokes」 「Gen・Original, Fundemental・Hara・Plain, Field, Wilderness」 原の意図は何でしたか？ Gen no ito wa nani deshita ka? What was the original intent? Other uses for原 原子「げんし」Genshi・Atom 原点「げんてん」Genten・Starting point 原文「げんぶん」Genbun・The text, the original 原案「げんあん」Gen'an・The original plan/proposal 原子力「げんしりょく」Genshiryoku・Atomic energy, Nuclear power Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj Pred+ka dō ka・かどうか」 ”Whether or not" The phrase ka dō ka is used to indicate a question embedded into a sentence. 「A」悪い/悪かったかどうか Warui/warukatta ka dō ka (whether or not....is/was bad) 「B」健康*/健康だったかどうか Kenkō*/Kenkō datta ka dō ka (whether or not....is/was healthy) *Daだ is dropped Examples: この小説の訳が悪いかどうか分からない。 Kono shōsetsu no yaku ga warui ka dō ka wakaranai. I can't tell whether the translation of this novel is bad or not. 去年の夏がいつもより暑かったかどうか覚えていません。 Kyonen no natsu ga itsumo yori atsukatta ka dō ka oboete imasen. I don't remember whether last summer was hotter than usual or not. 野田さんの赤ちゃんが健康かどうか知りません。 Noda-san no akachan ga kenkō ka dō ka shirimasen. I don't know whether Mrs. Noda's baby is healthy or not. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 「Japanese Language」 「Verbs」 「Vdic+(no)+nara・(の)なら」 ”If," "if it is the case that" Vdic (no) nara is used to express a supposition or condition. Since nara is the conditional form of the copula da, it requires a noun. Therefore, no is added to nominalize the verb, though this no is optional. Examples: 家を売る（の）なら、今がいい時期だ。 Ie o uru (no) nara, ima ga ii jiki da. If you are to sell the house, now is a good time. 今晩外で食べる（の）なら、どこがいいですか。 Konban soto de taberu (no) nara, doko ga ii desu ka. If we dine out tonight, where is a good place? 見物する（の）なら、観光バスがいいですよ。 Kenbutsu suru (no)nara, kankō-basu ga ii desu yo. If you go sightseeing, a tour bus would be good. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 「Japanese Language」 「Sentence Structure」 The interrogative pronouns nani ("what"), and dare ("who") combine with the particle ka to mean "anything" or "anyone" respectively. Likewise, they can combine with the particle mo to mean "nothing" or "no one" in negative sentences. Nani ka (or nani mo) and dare ka (or dare mo) are usually sentence subjects, although they are not attended by the particle ga. Note that the words may modify the modified nouns that follow them, in which case their English translations can be known to vary. 「A」Q: 何かありますか。 Nani ka arimasu ka. Is there anything there？ A: いいえ、何もありません。 Iie, nani mo arimasen. No, there is nothing. 「B」Q: だれかいますか。 Dare ka imasu ka. Is anybody there? A: いいえ、だれもいません。 Iie, dare mo imasen. No, there is nobody. Examples: Q: 棚の上に何かありますか。 Tana no ue ni nani ka arimasu ka. Is there anything on the shelf? A: ええ、丸い箱があります。 Ē marui hako ga arimasu. Yes, there is a round box. Q: 講堂にだれかいましたか。 Kōdō ni dare ka imashita ka. Was there anybody in the auditorium? A: いいえ、だれもいませんでした。 Iie, dare mo imasen deshita. No, there wasn't anyone. Q: その島に何か珍しい植物がありましたか。 Sono shima ni nani ka mezurashii shokubutsu ga arimashita ka. Were there any rare plants on that island? A: はい、熱帯植物がたくさんありました。 Hai, nettai-shokubutsu ga takusan arimashita. Yes, there were many tropical plants. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj Pred+ shiし」 ”And what's more," "So," "Moreover" 「A」柔かい/柔かったし Yawarakai/Yawarakatta shi 「Is/was soft and what's more」 「B」静かだ/静かだったし Shizuka da/shizuka datta shi 「Is/was quiet and what's more」 As a particle, shi is used as a conjunction to link two more more states. Examples: このジャケットは柔かいし、安いです。 Kono jaketto wa yawarakai shi, yasui desu. This jacket is soft, and what's more, it's inexpensive. ここは駅から遠くないし、通勤に便利です。 Koko wa eki kara tōkunai shi, tsūkin ni benri desu. This place is not far from the station, so it's convenient for commuting to work. その島は静かだったし、景色も美しかった。 Sono shima wa shizukadatta shi, keshiki mo utsukushikatta. That island was quiet, and moreover, the scenery was beautiful. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「No・の」 「Part 2」 「４」Can indicate when two nouns are in apposition Examples: K大学学長の今井氏が演説をしています。 K daigaku gakuchō no Imai-shi ga enzetsu o shite imasu. Mr. Imai, the president of K University, is making a speech. こちらが佐山さんのお姉さんの千賀子さんです。 Kochira ga Sayama-san no onē-san no Chikako-san desu. This is Chikako, Sayama's elder sister. 「５」Used when replacing ga, to indicate the subject of a clause modifying a noun. Examples: これは坂本さんの描いた油絵です。 Kore wa Sakamoto-san no kaita aburae desu. This is the oil painting that Sakamoto painted. 昨日あなたの話していたレストランはどこですか。 Kinō anata no hanashite ita resutoran wa doko desu ka. Where is the restaurant you were talking about yesterday? Hope this helps, and see you for part 3! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+toと」 ”If," "When" In Japanese, the verb to・と, is used to express a condition that brings about an automatic or unexpected result. Examples: ベルを押すとドアが開きました。 Beru o osu to doa ga akimashita. When I pushed the bell, the door opened. お金を数えると、二千円足りませんでした。 O-kane o kazoeru to, nisen'en tarimasen deshita. When I counted the money, I was 2,000 yen short. たくさん注文すると、割引がある。 Takusan chūmon suru to, waribiki ga aru. If you order a lot, you can get a discount. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The interrogative pronoun nan (= nani), when combined with a counter, is used when expressing a question about quantity: "How many ...?" The interrogative pronoun ikutsu ("how many") is used for asking the quantity of specific items such as apples and teacups, for which there is not specific counter. Such items are counted with native-Japanese numerals, or with Roman numerals pronounced in Japanese: hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu, etc. 「A」本は何冊ありますか。 Hon wa nan-satsu arimasu ka. How many books are there? 「B」留学生は何人いますか。 Ryūgakusei wa nan-nin imasu ka. How many foreign students are there? Examples: [1] 「Q:」駐車場に車が何台ありますか。 Chūshajō ni kuruma ga nandai arimasu ka. How many cars are there in the parking lot？ 「A:」 10台あります。 Jūdai arimasu. There are ten. [2] 「Q:」水槽の中に魚が何匹いますか。 Suisō no naka ni sakana ga nanbiki imasu ka. How many fish are there in the water tank? 「A:」 赤い魚が2匹と青い魚が3匹います。 Akai sakana ga ni-hiki to aoi sakana ga san-biki imasu. There are two red ones, and three blue ones. [3] 「Q:」かごの中にりんごがいくつありますか。 Kago no naka ni ringo ga ikutsu arimasu ka. How many apples are there in the basket? 「A:」 5つあります。 Itsutsu arimasu. There are five. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 気 「6 Strokes」 「Ki, Ke・Spirit, Soul, Mood」 強い気質は多くの形で現れます。 Tsuyoi katagi wa ōku no katachi de araware masu. 「Strong character comes in many forms.」 Other uses for 気 気体「きたい」Kitai・A gas 人気「にんき」Ninki・Popularity 気分「きぶん」Kibun・Feeling, Mood 本気「ほんき」Honki・Seriousness, (in) earnest 電気「でんき」Denki・Electricity Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj+Pred Sō da・そうだ」 ”I heard that~" Sō da is an auxiliary which expresses hearsay-what the speaker heard or obtained indirectly. 「A」重い/重かったそうだ Omoi/omokatta sō da 「I heard that...is/was heavy/serious」 「B」嫌いだ/嫌いだったそうだ Kirai da/kirai datta Sō da 「I heard that...dislikes/disliked」 Examples: 山田さんの病気はとても重いそうだ。 Yamada-san no byōki wa totemo omoi sō da. 「I heard that Mr. Yamada's illness is very serious.」 トムは成績はよくなかったそうだ。 Tomu wa seiseki ga yokunakatta sō da. 「I heard that Tom's grades were not good.」 緑さんはねこが嫌いだったそうです。 Midori-san wa neko ga kirai datta sō desu. 「I heard that Midori disliked cats.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+noni・のに」 「Part 2」 ”Although," "For the purpose of." Vdic+noni can express an action which is followed by a result contrary to an expectation. Examples: 一日に何マイルも歩くのに疲れません。 Ichinichi ni nanmairu mo aruku noni tsukaremasen. Although I walk many miles a day, I don't get tired. 彼女はたくさん食べるのに太りません。 Kanojo wa takusan taberu noni futorimasen. Although she eats a lot, she doesn't get fat. トムは努力するのに成績があがりません。 Tomu wa doryoku suru noni seiseki ga agarimasen. Although Tom makes an effort, his grades do not go up. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 車 「7 Strokes」 「Sha, Kuruma・Vehicle, Wheel」 どんな車が一番好きですか？ Don'na kuruma ga ichiban suki desu ka? 「What kind of car do you like best?」 Other uses for 車 電車「でんしゃ」Densha・Electric train 人力車「じんりきしゃ」Jinrikisha・Rickshaw 発車「はっしゃ」Hassha・Departure 下車「げしゃ」Gesha・Get off (a train) 水車「すいしゃ」Suisha・Waterwheel Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + kashira/kana・かしら/かな」 ”I wonder" The particles kashira and kana are used at the end of a sentence when expressing uncertainty. Kashira is mostly used by women and kana principally by men. When kashira or kana follows a negative adjective, it can express the speaker's hope that someone or something is not, was not, or will not be in some state. 「A」親しい/親しかったかしら/かな Shitashii/shitashikatta kashira/kana 「I wonder if...is/was intimate」 「B」適当*/適当だったかしら/かな Tekitō*/ tekitō datta kashira/ kana 「I wonder if...is/was suitable」 *Da・だ drops Examples: 雅子さんは木田さんと親しかったかしら。 Masako-san wa Kido-san to shitashikatta kashira. I wonder if Masako was intimate with Mr. Kido. このプレゼントは彼女に適当かな。 Kono purezento wa kanojo ni tekitō kana. I wonder if the present is suitable for her. 今日の講義は長くないかしら。 Kyō no kōgi wa nagakunai kashira. I hope today's lecture won't be long. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「No・の」 「Part 1」 「A」Used between two nouns, to indicate the first possesses or is modifying the second noun. Also used in place of ga to indicate the subject in modifying clauses. 「１」 Indicates possession: " 's." Examples: これは高木さんの傘です。 Kore wa Takagi-san no kasa desu. This is Takagi's umbrella. それが佐藤さんの車です。 Sore ga Satō-san no kuruma desu. That is Satō's car. Note: If the context is understood, the second noun can be omitted. それが佐藤さんのです。 Sore ga Satō-san no desu. That is Satō's. 「２」 Indicates position or location. Examples: 机の上、いすの下、学校の前、この建物の後ろ。 Tsukue no ue, isu no shita, gakkō no mae, kono tatemono no ushiro. The top of the desk; under the chair; the [area in] front of the school; behind this building. 「３」 Indicates that the first noun is modifying the second in terms of kind or category. 山田先生は英語の先生です。 Yamada-sensei wa Eigo no sensei desu. Yamada is a teacher of English [an English teacher]. この学校は料理の学校です。 Kono gakkō wa ryōri no gakkō desu. This school is a cooking school. Hope this helps, and see you for part 2! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + no/koto・の/こと」 "That~" 「A」いい/よかったの/こと Ii/yokatta no/koto 「That.....is/was good」 「B」正直な*/正直だったの/こと Shōjikina*/ shōjiki datta no/ koto 「That....is/was honest」 *Da・だ changes to na・な Both no and koto are nominalizers which turn adjectival clauses into noun phrases. They are used interchangeably. Examples: 果物が体にいいのはだれでも知っています。 Kudamono ga karada ni ii no wa dare demo shitte imasu. Everybody knows that fruits are good for the body. 昨日の試合がよかったことを聞きましたか。 Kinō no shiai ga yokatta koto o kikimashita ka. Did you hear that yesterday's game was good? あの人が正直だったことは確かです。 Ano hito ga shōjiki datta koto wa tashika desu. It is certain that he was honest. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The interrogative pronouns nani ("what"), and dare ("who") always serve as subjects and must, therefore, be marked with the particle ga (never by wa). 「A」机の上に何がありますか。 Tsukue no ue ni nani ga arimasu ka. What is on the desk? 応接室にだれがいますか。 Ōsetsushitsu ni dare ga imasu ka. Who is in the reception room? Examples: 「Q:」 この引き出しの中に何がありますか。 Kono hikidashi no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka. What is in this drawer? 「A:」 ノートや鉛筆や消しゴムがあります。 Nōto ya enpitsu ya keshigomu ga arimasu. There are notebooks, pencils, erasers, and other things. 「Q:」 隣の部屋にだれがいますか。 Tonari no heya ni dare ga imasu ka. Who is in the next room? 「A:」 部長と秘書がいます。 Buchō to hisho ga imasu. The department head and the secretary are. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+noni・のに」 「Part 1」 ”（In order) to," "For the purpose of" Vdic noni is used to express the purpose of doing something. Examples: 家具を運ぶのにトラックが要る。 Kagu o hakobu noni torakku ga iru. We need a truck to transport the furniture. お金を預けるのにあの銀行が一番いいです。 Okane o azukeru noni ano ginkō ga ichiban ii desu. That bank is the best one to deposit money in. 通勤するのに地下鉄を利用します。 Tsūkin suru no ni chikatetsu o riyō shimasu. I use the subway to commute to the office. Hope this helps, and see you for part 2! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Made・まで」 「Part 2」 「４」Used to indicate an extreme condition Examples: 斎藤さんは、あの男の人と結婚できなければ死のうとまで思いつめたそうです。 Saitō-san wa, ano otoko no hito to kekkon dekinakereba shinō to made omoitsumeta sō desu. Saito was apparently even contemplating suicide if she were unable to marry the man. その両親は子供の病気が治るなら、全財産を捨てていいとまで考えていた。 Sono ryōshin wa kodomo no byōki ga naoru nara, zen-saizan o sutete ii to made kangaete ita. If their child would only get well, the parents thought that they would sacrifice all they owned. 「The child's parents were [even] prepared to sacrifice all they owned if only he/she would recover.」 「５」When placed at the end of a sentence, indicates limitation or extent: "that is all." Examples: 今日はここまで。 Kyō wa koko made. That is all for today 「Lit., As for today, up to here.」 とりあえずご報告まで。 Toriaezu go hōkoku made. For your reference. 「Lit., For the moment, as far as a report.」 「６」In the form of made mo nai (which follows verb roots), emphasizes extent or degree; the complete phrase may be translated: "there is no need to." Examples: 明日のパーティーにはわざわざ行くまでもない。 Ashita no pātī ni wa wazawaza iku made mo nai. There is no need to go out of one's way [to make a special effort] to attend tomorrow's party. [Tomorrow's party is hardly worth going to.] いうまでもないことですが、この会社の経営状態は、かなり悪化しています。 Iu made mo nai kotodesuga, kono kaisha no keiei jōtai wa, kanari akka shite imasu. Needless to say, this company's operations have deteriorated considerably. Hope this helps, and see you for part 1 for the particle no・の！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 意 「13 Strokes」 「I・Will, Heart, Mind, Thought; Meaning, Sense」 あなたの人生のためにあなた自身の意味を見つけてください。 Anata no jinsei no tame ni anata jishin no imi o mitsukete kudasai. 「Find your own meaning for your life.」 Other uses for 意 意見「いけん」Iken・Opinion 用意「ようい」Yōi・Preparations, readiness 好意「こうい」Kōi・Goodwill, good wishes, kindness 意外「いがい」Igai・Unexpected, surprising 不意「ふい」Fui・Sudden, unexpected Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 When the particle ni is added to a noun or noun phrase, it indicates a location where someone or something exists. Below are examples of locative phrases. 机の上/下に Tsukue no ue/shita ni On/under the desk 駅の近く/そばに Eki no chikaku/soba ni Near the station 店の前/後ろに Mise no mae/ushiro ni In front of/behind the store キャビネットの横に Kyabinetto no yoko ni Beside the cabinet 部屋の中/外に Heya no naka/soto ni Inside/outside the room 川の向こうに Kawa no mukō ni Beyond the river Ni can be used with the demonstrative pronouns koko ("here"), soko ("there"), and asoko ("over there"), as in koko ni arimasu ("it is here”). NOTE: The particles mo ("also") and wa (the topic marker) can be added to ni: koko ni mo arimasu ("it is here, too"), koko ni wa arimasu ("it is here," implying "as far as this place is concerned"). When wa is added to ni, it makes the phrase describing location the topic of the sentence. Examples: あそこに大きい池があります。 Asoko ni ōkī ike ga arimasu. There is a big pond over there. 駅の前にバス停がある。 Eki no mae ni basutei ga aru. There is a bus stop in front of the station. 入り口のそばに案内人が二人います。 Iriguchi no soba ni annainin ga futari imasu. There are two guides near the entrance. この通りに映画館がある。次の通りにもある。 Kono tōri ni eigakan ga aru. Tsugi no tōri ni mo aru. There is a movie theater on this street. There is also one on the next street. 3階には、コーヒーショップがあります。 Sangai ni wa, kōhī shoppu ga arimasu. On the third floor, there is a coffee shop. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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