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道 「11 Strokes」 「Dō, [Tō], Michi・Road, Way, Path, Dao/Tao」 あなたは剣道を学びたいですか？ Anata wa kendō o manabitai desu ka? Do you want to learn the way of the sword? Other uses for道 国道「こくどう」kokudō・National highway 水道「すいどう」Suidō・Water conduits, running water 北海道「ほっかいこう」Hokkaidō・Hokkaidō 書道「しょどう」Shodō・Calligraphy 回り道「まわりみち」Mawarimichi・A detour Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Auxilary Adjectives」 Auxilary adjectives are attached to adjectival predicates (adj. pred), the stems of adjectives (adj. stem), or the stems of the masu forms of verbs (V-(masu)). Auxilary verbs may also be attached to the stems of adjectives. 「Adj pred + kamoshironai かもしれない」 ”Might” The auxilary i-adjective kamoshirenai is used to express the speaker's guess. Kamoshiremasen is the polite form. Examples: 明日のピクニックはつまらないかもしれない。 Ashita no pikunikku wa tsumaranai kamoshirenai. Tomorrow's picnic might be boring. かれは今度の仕事に真剣かもしれない。 Kare wa kondo no shigoto ni shinken kamoshirenai. He might be serious about his new job. ジムは日本のえ映画が好きではなかったかもしれません。 Jimu wa Nihon no eiga ga suki de wa nakatta kamoshiremasen. Jim might not have liked Japanese movies. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Love 「Ai・あい」 ”Aa-Ii” 愛 愛は保つのが容易ではありません。 Ai wa tamotsu no ga yōide wa arimasen. Love is not easy to keep. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic + yō ni suru・ようにする」 "make sure that ~" "see to it that" The Vdic (verb dictionary form) yō ni suru indicates a person's efforts to cause a change in behavior. Examples: 締め切りに間に合うようにする。 Shimekiri ni maniau yō ni suru. I'll make sure that I'll be in time for the deadline. 六時に店を閉めるようにしなさい。 Rokuji ni mise o shimeru yō ni shinasai. Make sure that you close up the store at six o' clock. 彼女は毎月貯金するようにしました。 Kanojo wa maitsuki chokin suru yō ni shimashita. She made sure that she saved money every month. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 首 「9 Strokes」 「Shu, Kubi・Neck, Head」 あなたの首を張り過ぎないでください。 Anata no kubi o hari suginaide kudasai. Don't stick your neck out too far. Other uses for首 首位「しゅい」Shui・Leading position, top spot 首相「しゅしょう」Shushō・Prime Minister 元首「げんしゅ」Genshu・Soverign, ruler 部首「ぶしゅ」Bushu・Radical of a kanji 手首「てくび」Tekubi・Wrist Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ こゆうきあいはら Anger 「Ikari・いかり」 ”Ii-Ka-Ree" 怒り 怒りは強力なツールになります。 Ikari wa kyōryokuna tsūru ni narimasu. Anger can be a powerful tool. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Making Comparisons」 In Japanese, when asking a question in the superlative, the limit of the question is stated first and is indicated by the phrase no naka de ("among"). The interrogative pronoun dare ("which among many"), or dare ("who") if the limit is a group of people-comes next followed by the particle ga. The question is completed with the adverb ichiban ("the most"), an adjective, the copula desu, and the question marker ka. To answer such a question, simply state the answer, following it up with the subject marker ga, the adverb ichiban, and the copula desu or deshō. NOTE: The particle no ("one") attached to an adjective replaces a noun when the noun is understood from context (Ex. 1) Examples: 「Q: 」この機械の中で、どれが一番新しいですか。 Kono kikai no naka de, dore ga ichiban atarashii desu ka. Of these machines, which one is the newest? 「A:」その大きいのが一番新しいです。 Sono ōkī no ga ichiban atarashii desu. That big one is the newest. 「Q: 」新入社員の中で、だれが一番有望ですか。 Shinnyū-shain no naka de, dare ga ichiban yūbō desu ka. Of all our new recruits, who is the most promising? 「A:」山川さんが一番有望でしょう。 Yamakawa-san ga ichiban yūbō deshō. Ms. Yamakawa is probably the most promising. 「Q: 」トム(さん)とビル(さん)とサラ(さん)の中で、だれが一番勤勉ですか。 Tomu(-san) to Biru(-san) to Sara(-san) no naka de, dare ga ichiban kinben desu ka. Who is the most diligentーTom, Bill, or Sarah? 「A:」サラ(さん)が一番勤勉です。 Sara(-san) ga ichiban kinben desu. Sarah is the most industrious. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Freedom 「じゆう・Jiyū」 "Jee-Yoo" 自由 私たちは皆自由を選ぶべきです。 Watashitachi ha kai jiyū o erabubeki desu. We should all have freedom to choose. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 想 「13 Strokes」 「Sō, so・Idea, Thought」 それは良い思想はありますか。 Sore wa yoi shisō wa arimasu ka. Is that a good idea? Other uses for想 回想「かいそう」Kaisō・Retrospection, reminiscence 理想「りそう」Risō・An ideal 空想「くうしう」Kūsō・Fantasy, daydream 瞑想「めいそう」Meisō・Meditation Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + N」 To make a relative clause The relative clause is a modifying clause which is placed before the noun to be modified. The Japanese language does not have relative pronouns such as "who," "which," "that," nor relative adverbs like "when," or "where." The tense of the relative clause must be in the present form if the state presented there is concurrent with the action or state presented in the main clause. (Ex., 2, 3.) Examples: さっきまで暗かった部屋に日が差し込んだ。 Sakki made kurakatta heya ni hi ga sashikonda. The sunlight streamed into the room, which had been dark until a while ago. 歌が上手な森さんはいつもパーティーで歌っていた。 Uta ga jōzuna Mori-san wa itsumo pātī de utatte ita. Mr. Mori, who was good at singing, always sang at parties. 道子さんは色が鮮やかなドレスが好きでした。 Michiko-san wa iro ga azayakana doresu ga suki deshita. Michiko loved bright dresses. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 相 「9 Strokes」 「Sō・Aspect, Phase・Shō・（Government) minister・Ai・Together, Fellow, Each other」 首相は本当に腐敗していますか？ Shushō wa hontōni fuhai shite imasu ka? Is the Prime Minister truly corrupt? Other uses for 相 相当「そうとう」Sōtō・Suitable, appropriate 法相「ほうしょう」Hōshō・Minister of Justice 外相「がいしょう」Gaishō・Foreign Minister 相手「あいて」Aite・The other party, partner, opponent Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ こゆうきあいはら Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic + yō ni naru ようになる」 "reach the point where～," "come to～” Vic yō ni naru expresses a change which gradually takes place. Examples: 赤ちゃんはもうすぐ笑うようになる。 Akachan wa mō sugu warau yō ni naru. The baby will soon reach the point where he will smile. 子供は自分で部屋を片付けるようになりました。 Kodomo wa jibun de heya o katazukeru yō ni narimashita. My child has reached the point where she cleans up her room herself. その工場は電気器具を生産するようになりました。 Sono kōjō wa denki kigu o seisan suru yō ni narimashita. The plant has reached the point where it produces electrical appliances. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Absolve 「Manugareru・まぬがれる」 ”Ma-Noo-Gah-Re-Roo" 免れる これはあなたの罪を免れますか？ Kore wa anata no tsumi o manugare masu ka? Will this absolve your guilt? NOTE: The difference of the above word and the sentence below it, is due to the specific verb, and the tense in which the sentence was stated, or asked, but the meaning is still the same, just alters the tense that is understood within the context of the sentence. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Bakari・ばかり」 NOTE: More informal forms of bakari are bakkari, bakashi, and bakkashi. 「1.」Used to indicate an approximate amount or extent; in contrast to kurai and hodo, bakari tends (but only tends) to focus on the smallness of the amount: "approximately, about." NOTE: Kurai (ex. 1) and hodo (ex. 1) may replace bakari in this usage specifically. Examples: 明日から2日ばかり旅行に行ってきます。 Ashita kara futsuka bakari ryokō ni itte kimasu. Tomorrow I'll be leaving on a trip for a couple days. 1万円ばかり貸していただきませんか。 Ichi-man-en bakari kashite itadakimasen ka. Could you lend me, say, something like ￥10,000? 「2.」”Not only .... but also." NOTE: While dake (ex, 4) may replace bakari in this usage, bakari is slightly more emphatic. Examples: 原田さんはピアノばかりでなく、歌もうまいんですよ。 Harada-san wa piano bakari de naku, uta mo umai-n desu yo. Harada is good not only at the piano but also at singing. 英語ばかりでなく、フランスごも勉強したいんです。 Eigo bakari de naku, furansu-go mo benkyō shitai-n desu. I want to study not only English, but French as well. Hope this helps, and see you for part 2! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + dake de naku だけでなく」 ”Not only～but also～” With this used after an adjective, the phrase dake de naku expresses two states in one sentence, which emphasizes the fact that the first is not the only. Bakari de naku can replace dake de naku (ex. 2). Examples: この犬は足が長いだけでなく耳も長い。 Kono inu wa ashi ga nagai dake de naku mimi mo nagai. This dog has not only long legs, but also long ears. 彼女は頭がよかったばかりでなく仕事にも熱心でした。 Kanojo wa atama ga yokatta bakari de naku shigoto ni mo nesshin deshita. She was not only bright, but also intent on her work. この車は頑丈なだけでなくスタイルも奇抜だ。 Kono kuruma wa ganjōna dake de naku sutairu mo kibatsu da. Not only is this car durable, its style is also original. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 省 「9 Strokes」 「Sei, kaeri(miru)・Reflect upon, give heed to・ Shō・(Government) ministry, province (in China); save・Habu(ku)・Omit, cut down on」 省略のうそは効果的な戦術になることができます。 Shōryaku no uso wa kōkatekina senjutsu ni naru koto ga deki masu. A lie of omission can be an effective tactic. Other uses for 省 自省「じせい」Jisei・Reflection, introspection 内省「ないせい」Naisei・Introspection 人事不省「じんじふせい」Jinjifusei・Unconsciousness, fainting 省エネ(ルギー)「しょうえね(るぎい)」 Shō-ene(rugī)・Energy saving Hope this helps, and see you soon! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Grass 「Kusa・くさ」 ”Koo-Sah” 草 私は草の中に裸足で歩くのが好き。 Watashi wa kusa no naka ni hadashi de aruku no ga suki. 「I like to walk barefoot in the grass.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Making Comparisons」 「3」 When asking a comparative question in Japanese, the two items being compared are listed first, each accompanied by the particle to ("and"). Following this is the interrogative pronoun dochira ("which of the two") followed by the subject marker ga and, finally, an adjective, the copula desu and the question marker ka. To answer a comparative question, simply state the answer, followed up with the phrase no hō ga along with the proper adjective. The particle of yo at the end of a sentence is used to indicate the speaker's strong conviction. When expressing conjecture, ("is probably,"), deshō can be used in place of desu at the end of the sentence. NOTE: Dotchi is the colloquial form of dochira (example. 3) Examples: 「Q: 」このひもとそのひもと、どちらが強いですか。 Kono himo to sono himo to, dochira ga tsuyoi desu ka. Which is stronger, this cord or that cord? 「A:」そのひものほうが強いでしょう。 Sono himo no hō ga tsuyoi deshō. This cord is stronger, I guess. 「Q: 」お父さんとお母さんと、どちらが厳しかったですか。 O-tō-san to o-kā-san to, dochira ga kibishikatta desu ka. Who was stricter, your father or your mother? 「A:」母のほうが厳しかったです。 Haha no hō ga kibishikatta desu. My mother was stricter. 「Q: 」地下鉄とバスと、どっちが便利ですか。 Chikatetsu to basu to, dotchi ga benri desu ka. Which is more convenient, the subway, or the bus? 「A:」地下鉄のほうが便利ですよ。 Chikatetsu no hō ga benri desu yo. The subway is more convenient, by far. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + nodeので」 ”Because," ”So" 珍しい/珍しかったので Mezurashii/mezurashikatta node 「because... is/was rare」 重大な*/重大だったので Jūdaina*/jūdai datta node 「because... is/was important」 *Da だ changes to na な The particle node when used as an adjectival predicate is a conjunction. The node clause (subordinate cluse), is used to express a reason or cause that is more objective or reasonable to the listener than one introduced with kara. Unlike kara, node usually doesn't project the speaker's personal opinion. The node clause is usually not followed by a main clause involving the personal opinion, volition, command, or invitation of the speaker. Examples: この特産品は珍しいので、観光客に人気があります。 Kono tokusanhin wa mezurashii node, kankōkyaku ni ninki ga arimasu. This local product is rare, so it is popular with tourists. 図書館は静かな/静かだったので、よく勉強出来た。 Toshokan wa shizukana/shizuka datta node, yoku benkyō dekita. Because the library was quiet, I could study well. その問題は重大なので、今会議で討議している。 Sono mondai wa jūdaina node, ima kaigi de tōgi shite iru. Because that problem is important, it is being discussed in the meeting now. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Son 「Musuko・むすこ」 ”Muu-suu-koh” 息子 あなたのむすこは何歳ですか？ Anata no musuko wa nan-sai desu ka? How old is your son? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Hodo・ほど」 「1.」Can be used to indicate an approximate amount, or approximate maximum extent; in contrast with kurai and bakari, hodo tends to stress approximate upper limit: "approximately," "about." NOTE: Kurai and bakari may replace hodo in this usage though hodo is specifically more formal. Examples: 来月は、一週間ほど九州へ出張します。 Raigetsu wa, isshūkan hodo Kyūshū e shutchō shimasu. Next month I'll be going on a business trip to Kyushu for as long as a week. 今度の事故で、100人ほどの人が死んだそうです。 Kondo no jiko de, hyakunin hodo no hito ga shinda sō desu. I hear that some 100 people died in this traffic accident. 「2.」Used to indicate a comparison (used only in negative sentences): "as...as." NOTE: Kurai may replace hodo in this usage, though hodo is more commonly used. Examples: 今年は享年ほど寒くないです。 Kotoshi wa kyonen hodo samuku nai desu. This year is not as cold as last year. あの人ほど頭のいいひとはいないでしょう。 Ano hito hodo atama no ii hito wa inai deshō. No one has as good a head as he has. 「No one is as smart as he is.」 「3.」Used to indicate the extent of an action or condition by citing a specific example: "so...that, to the extent that." NOTE: This usage is similar to kurai (ex. #2) Examples: 今日は勉強ができないほど疲れた。 Kyō wa benkyō ga dekinai hodo tsukareta. Today I'm so tired that I can't study. 試験に合格したので、うれしくて眠れないほどです。 Shiken ni gōkaku shita no de, ureshikute nemurenai hodo desu. Since I passed the exam, I'm so happy that I can't sleep. 「4.」Used in the form V -ba + V hodo: "the more... the more." Examples: 北へ行けば行くほど寒くなります。 Kita e ikeba iku hodo samuku narimasu. The further north you go, the colder it gets. 都市をとればほど、体が弱くなります。 Toshi o toreba toru hodo, karada ga yowaku narimasu. The older you get, the weaker your body becomes. Hope this was helpful, and see you again soon when we cover the particle bakari・ばかり！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 少 「4 Strokes」 「Shō, Suko(shi)・A little, A few・Suku(nai)・Little, Few」 少し余分な時間をいただければ幸いです。 Sukoshi yobun'na jikan o itadakereba saiwai desu. A little extra time would be appreciated. Other uses for 少 少女「しょうじょ」Shōjo・Girl 少年「しょうねん」Shōnen・Boy 少々「しょうしょう」Shōshō・A little 少年法「しょうねんほう」Shōnenhō・The juvenile law 少しずつ「すこしずつ」Sukoshizutsu・Little by little, a little at a time Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Disturb Disrupt; Ruffle 「Midasu・みだす」 ”Mee-dah-sue" 乱す 時々進歩は、あなたの習慣を乱す必要があります。 Tokidoki shinpo wa, anata no shūkan o midasu hitsuyō ga arimasu. Sometimes progress requires you disturb your habits. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Making Comparisons」 「2」 In Japanese, when expressing the superlative form of an adjective, the adverb ichiban ("most," literally, "number one") is place just before the adjective. The limit within which the comparison is made, the things among which one thing is the "most" or the "best" is indicated by the particle de. However, if the limit is representing a group of people, the phrase no naka de ("among," "of all...") is used instead. 富士山は日本で一番美しい山だ/です。 Fujisan wa Nihon de ichiban utsukushī yama da/desu. Mt. Fuji is the most beautiful mountain in Japan. Examples: この寺は奈良で一番古いです。 Kono tera wa Nara de ichiban furui desu. This temple is the oldest in Nara. フランクはクラスで一番優秀な学生だった。 Furanku wa kurasu de ichiban yūshūna gakusei datta. Frank was the best student in the class. 秘書の中で、安田さんが一番有能です。 Hisho no naka de, Yasuda-san ga ichiban yūnōdesu. Of all the secretaries, Ms. Yasuda is the most competent. Hope this helps, and see you again！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + から・Kara」 ”Because," "so" As an adjectival predicate, the particle kara is used as a conjunction. The kara clause (the subordinate clause) expresses a reason or cause as interpreted by the speaker. If the predicate of the main clause is past tense, the tense of the kara clause must be either present or past (example 1). Normally, the plain style of speech is used with the subordinate clause, but the masu form may be used with very polite speech (example 2). Examples: 部屋がきたない/きたなかったから、掃除しました。 Heya ga kitanai/kitanakatta kara, sōji shimashita. Because the room was dirty, I cleaned it. 午後は忙しくありませんから、遊びに来てください。 Gogo ha isogashiku arimasen kara, asobi ni kite kudasai. I am not busy in the afternoon, so please come visit. かれはゴルフに熱心だから、毎日練習している。 Kare wa gorufu ni nesshin da kara, mainichi renshū shite iru. He is enthusiastic about golf, so he practices every day. Hope this helps！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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