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Japanese Language
「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Kinds Of Adverbs」 「Part 2」 「Word Modifiers」 As mentioned previously, Japanese adverbs are used as word modifiers. These modifiers may be grouped according to the concepts they express. Examples: １．「Time」 彼はいつも六時に起きる。 Kare wa itsumo rokuji ni okiru He always gets up at six o' clock. ２．「Quantity」 たくさん食べました。 Takusan tabemashita. I ate a lot. ３．「Degree」 この花びんはとても高い。 Kono kabin wa totemo takai. The flower vase is very expensive. ４．「Circumstance」 はっきり答えなさい。 Hakkiri kotaenasai. Answer clearly. 「Circumstance」 事件が続々起こった。 Jiken ga zokuzoku okotta. Incidents occurred one after another. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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赤 「7 Strokes」 「Seki, [Shaku], Aka(i), Aka・Red・Aka(ramu)・Become red, Blush・Aka(rameru)・Make red, Blush」 赤面させるのは楽しいです。 Sekimen sa seru no wa tanoshī desu. It is fun to make you blush. Other uses for 赤 赤十字「せきじゅうじ」Sekijūji・Red Cross 赤道「せきどう」Sekidō・Equator 赤字「あかじ」Akaji・Deficit, Red figures, (In the) red 赤ちゃん「あかちゃん」Akachan・Baby Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「-Te wa (-De wa)・ては(では)」 NOTE: Here we are concerned with wa in combination with the -te (-de) form of verbs. １．Indicates the repetition of two contrasting, alternating actions. Examples: デビッドさんは、漢字を書いては消し、書いてはしています。 Debiddo-san wa, kanji o kaite wa keshi, kaite wa keshi shite imasu. David writes the kanji and erases them, and writes and erases them [again]. 海岸には波が、寄せては返し、返しては寄せています。 Kaigan ni wa nami ga, yosete wa kaeshi, kaeshite wa yosete imasu. At the shore, the waves advance and recede, recede and advance. ２．In the form ni shite wa (or to shite wa): "for." Examples: 日曜日にしては、デパートがすいていますね。 Nichiyōbi ni shite wa, depāto ga suite imasu ne. For a Sunday, the department stores are not very crowded. あの人は日本人にしては、英語がうまいですね。 Ano hito wa Nihon-jin ni shite wa, Eigo ga umai desu ne. For a Japanese, her English is pretty good. ３．A conditional pattern, always with the result clause in the negative or with negative implication. a). Indicates an undesireable possibility leading to a negative result. Examples: 「花が減っては戦ができぬ」と昔の人は言いました。 ”Hara ga hette wa ikusa ga dekinu" to mukashi no hito wa iimashita. ”You can't fight on an empty stomach," people of old said. b). In the form -te wa komaru: "there will be problems if; you shouldn't." Examples: ここに車を止めては困ります。 Koko ni kuruma o tomete wa komarimasu. You shouldn't park the car here. 「Lit., Parking the car here will be inconvenient [troublesome, a bother].」 c). In the forms -te wa ikenai or -te wa naranai: "you shouldn't, you mustn't." Examples: 公園で花を取ってはいけません。 Kōen de hana o totte wa ikemasen. You should not pick flowers in the park. ここでタバコを吸ってはならない。 Koko de tabako o sutte wa naranai. You must not smoke here. d). In the form -te wa irarenai: "be unable to." Examples: この問題については、私は黙ってはいられません。 Kono mondai ni tsuite wa, watashi wa damatte wa iraremasen. I cannot remain silent about this problem. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The dictionary form of a verb, followed by the particle combination made ni ("before/by/until the time when"), indicates another temporal limit for an action. The tense of a sentence using made ni is determined by the final verb. Examples: 飛行機がシカゴに着くまでに小説を読んでしまった。 Hikōki ga Shikago ni tsuku made ni shōsetsu o yonde shimatta. By the time the plane arrived in Chicago, I had read a novel. 課長が旅行から戻るまでにこの書類を調べておきます。 Kachō ga ryokō kara modoru made ni kono shorui o shirabete okimasu. I'll check these papers (in advance) before the section chief returns from his trip. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Nari・なり」 １．Indicates a choice: ”Or, whether or not." NOTE: This usage is similar to the more common ka, but nari lends slightly more emphasis. Examples: その問題について、松田先生なり、高山先生なりに聞いてみて下さい。 Sono mondai ni tsuite, Matsuda-sensei nari, Takayama-sensei nari ni kiite mite kudasai. Please ask either Professor Matsuda or Professor Takayama about that problem. 明日行くなり、あさって行くなり、早く決めましょう。 Ashita iku nari, asatte iku nari, hayaku kimemashō. Let's hurry up and decide whether we are going tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. 「Are we going tomorrow or the day after tomorrow? Let's hurry up and decide.」 ２．Indicates a suggestion: "Or something." Examples: まだ時間がありますから、喫茶店でお茶を飲むなりしましょうか。 Mada jikan ga arimasu kara, kissaten de ocha o nomu nari shimashō ka. Since there's still time, shall we drink some tea at a coffee shop or something? 健康のためにテニスなり、ゴルフなり、何か運動をした方がいいですよ。 Kenkō no tame ni tenisu nari, gorufu nari, nani ka undō o shita hō ga ii desu yo. For the sake of your health, you had better get some exercise, like playing tennis or golf. ３．Indicates that a second action follows immediately upon the action preceding: "as soon as." NOTE: This usage is similar to to and -tara. Examples: 信号が青になるなり、待っていた車が走り出した。 Shingō ga ao ni naru nari, matte ita kuruma ga hashiridashita. As soon as the light turned green, the waiting cars began moving. 山本さんが電車に飛び乗るなり、ドアがしまった。 Yamamoto-san ga densha ni tobinoru nari, doa ga shimatta. As soon as Yamamoto jumped into the train, the doors closed. ４．The expression nan nari: "whatever, anything." Examples: ご不満なことがあったら、何なりとおっしゃって下さい。 Go-fuman na koto ga attara, nan nari to osshatte kudasai. If there is anything unsatisfactory, please say so [lit., say whatever it is]. ５．The expression dai nari shō nari: "whether big or small." Examples: どこにでも、大なり小なり問題はあるでしょう。 Doko ni de mo, dai nari shō nari mondai wa aru deshō. There are problems everywhere-some big, some small. [Everyone has problems, whether they are big or small.] Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Introduction To Adverbs」 「Kinds Of Adverbs」 「Part 1」 「Modifiers and Special Expressions」 Adverbs are non-conjugating words that modify other words. Japanese adverbs can be divided into two types, dependant on usage: (a) those which modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and certain nouns, and (b) those used for special expressions involving negatives, interogatives, conditionals, etc. (a) Modify verbs, adjectices, other adverbs and certain nouns. Examples: 「Verb」 ゆっくり歩きました Yukkuri arukimashita I walked slowly. 「Adjective」 映画はとても面白かった。 Eiga wa totemo omoshirokatta. The movie was very interesting. 「Adverb」 もっとゆっくり話してください。 Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasai. Please speak more slowly. 「Noun」 もっと前に進んでください。 Motto mae ni susunde kudasai. Please move forward a bit more. 「Noun」 そこは町のかなり北です。 Soko wa machi no kanari kita desu. That place is fairly north of the city. （ｂ）Used for special expressions Examples: 「Negative」 あの人は決してそんなことはしません。 Ano hito wa kesshite sonna koto wa shimasen. He/she would never do such a thing. 「Conjecture」 山田さんはたぶん来ないだろう。 Yamada-san wa tabun konai darō. Mr. Yamada probably won't come. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + Seru/Saseru せる・させる」 ”Make/let someone do." Vneg seru/saseru expresses the causative form. Seru is attached to regular I verbs and saseru to regular II verbs. The causative verbs are regular II verbs. The shortened causative form may be obtained by changing the final seru to su, e.g. arukaseru-arukasu; tabesaseru-tabesasu; koaseru-koasu; saseru-sasu. The causative verbs of this shortened form are regular I verbs, conjugated on the Sa row. The person who causes someone to do something usually takes the particle wa or ga and the person who is made or allowed to do something is marked by o or mi. When the verb is transitive and the direct object marker o appears, the person caused to do something must be marked by ni (example 1). When the verb is intransitive, that person takes ni if he performs an action willingly (example 2). O is used regardless of the person's volition (example 3). Examples: 母は妹にバレーを習わせる・習わす。 Haha wa imōto ni barē o narawaseru/narawasu. My mother makes/lets my younger sister learn ballet. 私は子供達にテントで寝させました・寝さしました。 Watashi wa kodomo-tachi ni tento de nesasemashita/nesashimashita. I let my children sleep in a tent. 小田さんは息子をアメリカに留学させました・留学さしました。 Oda-san wa musuko o Amerika ni ryūgaku sasemashita/ryūgaku sashimashita. Mr. Oda made/let his son study in America. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 黒 「11 Strokes」 「Koku, Kuro(i), Kuro・Black」 あの車は黒か紺か？ Ano kuruma wa kuro ka kon ka? Is that car black or dark blue? Other uses for黒 黒人「くろじん」Kurojin・Black Person 黒海「こっかい」Kokkai・The Black Sea 黒字「くろじ」Kuroji・In the black (financially) 黒子「くろこ」Kuroko・Black-clad Kabuki stagehand 黒白「くろしろ」Kuroshiro・Black and/or white, Sense of right and wrong Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Dano・だの」 １．Indicates a non-exhaustive list of items or actions: "such things as." NOTE: Dano, is a colloquial usage, similar to yara and to ka. Examples: クリスマスには、友達から本だの、カレンダーだの、チョコレートだのをもらいました。 Kurisumasu ni wa, tomodachi kara hon dano, karendā dano, chokorētoda no o moraimashita. At Christmas, I received from friends a book, a calendar, some chocolates, and other such things. 学生の時は、ショパンだのリストだののピアノ曲をよく弾きました。 Gakusei no tokiu wa, Shopan dano Risuto dano no piano-kyoku o yoku hikimashita. When I was a student, I played a lot of piano pieces by such composers as Chopin and Liszt. ２．Used for a pair of opposite actions or states (either opposite words or the positive and negative form of the same word). Examples: 行くだの行かないだのと言わないで、どちらかに決めて下さい。 Iku dano ikanai dano to iwanai de, dochira ka ni kimete kudasai. Stop saying that you will go, and then that you won't go, make up your mind one way or the other. オーストラリアは、今寒いだの、熱いだのと言う人がいて、どちらなのかわかりません。 sutoraria wa, ima samui dano, atsui dano to iu hito ga ite, dochira na no ka wakarimasen. Since some people say Australia is cold now, and some say it's hot, I'm not sure which it is. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The dictionary form of a verb, followed by the particle made ("until"), indicates a temporal limit for an action. The tense of a sentence with made used in this way is determined by the final verb. Examples: ホワイトさんは家を買うまでアパートに住んでいた。 Howaito-san wa uchi o kau made apāto ni sunde ita. Mr. White had lived in an apartment until he bought a house. 雨は止むまでここで待ちます。 Ame ga yamu made koko de machimasu. I'll wait here until the rain stops. 借金を払ってしまうまで何も買いません。 Shakkin o haratte shimau made nani mo kaimasen. I won't buy anything until I completely pay off my debts. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 白 「5 Strokes」 「Haku, Byaku, Shiro(i), Shiro, [Shira]・White」 白紙は作家のブロックの遊び場です。 Hakushi wa sakka no burokku no asobiba desu. Blank paper is the playground of writer's block. Other uses for 白 白書「はくしょ」Hakusho・A white paper (on), Report 白人「はくじん」Hakujin ・White person, Caucasian 自白「じはく」Jihaku ・Confession, Admission 空白「くうはく」Kūhaku・A blank; Vacuum Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj stem/Adj te + gozaimasu~う/で ございます」 To make a super polite/humble expression. (a). ai・ō chiisai 「小さい」・chiisō「小さう」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Is small」 oi・ō tsuyoi「強い」・tsuyō「強う」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Is strong」 (2). ii・ū ureshii「うれしい」・ureshū「うれしゅう」gozaimasu「ございます」「Is happy」 ōkii「大きい」・ōkyū 「大きゅう」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Is big」 (3). ui・ū atsui「熱い」・atsū 「熱う」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Is hot」 (b). zannen de「残念で」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Is regrettable」 The stem of an i-adjective or the te form of a na-adjective, followed by gozaimasu, is a super polite form. It can also be a humble form if the subject of the sentence is the speaker or someone close to him. The stems of i-adjectives make the above changes before gozaimasu. Examples: こちらは小そうございますが、そちらより強うございます。 Kochira wa chiisō gozaimasu ga, sochira yori tsuyō gozaimasu. This one is smaller but stronger than that one. 母が元気でうれしゅうございます。 Haha ga genki de ureshū gozaimasu. My mother is healthy and I am happy. 我がチームが負けて残念でございました。 Waga chīmu makete zannen de gozaimashita. It was regrettable that out teams lost (the game). GREETINGS: The super-polite forms of some of the adjectives are used as greetings. arigatō「ありがとう」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Thank you」 omedetō「おめでとう」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Congratulations」 o-hayō「お早う」・gozaimasu「ございます」「Good morning」 o-atsū 「お熱う」・gozaimasu「ございます」「It's hot」 o-samū 「お寒う」・gozaimasu「ございます」「It's cold」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg+ reru/rareru・れる・られる」 Vneg reru/rareru is used for the honorific style of speech. Reru is attached to regular I verbs and rareru to regular II verbs. The irregular verbs kuru and suru become korareru and sareru. Examples: 中村先生が日本の経済について話されます。 Nakamura-sensei ga Nihon no keizai ni tsuite hanasaremasu. Prof. Nakamura will speak about the Japanese economy. 金曜日には原先生は教えられない。 Kin'yōbi ni wa Hara-sensei wa oshierarenai. Prof. Hara does not teach on Fridays. その会議で岡部長が何度も質問されました。 Sono kaigi de Oka-buchō ga nando mo shitsumon saremashita. Mr. Oka, the department head, asked questions many times at that meeting. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
AuthorKoyuuki Aihara Archives
March 2021
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