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Japanese Language 「Adj stem + Sō da そうだ 」 ”Look,” ”Look like" The auxiliary na-adjective sō da attaches to the stem of an adjective. Used to express the speaker's conjecture concerning the present state of someone or something based on their available visual information. The adjective ii (good) and the negative nai (not) change to yosa and nasa before sō da (Ex., 2). Examples: 今日は良子さんはとても嬉しそうだ。 Kyō wa Yoshiko-san wa totemo ureshi sō da. Yoshiko looks very happy today. こちらはよさそうだが、そちらは新しくなさそうだ。 Kochira wa yosa sō da ga, sochira wa atarashikunasa sō da. This one looks good, but that one doesn't look fresh. あの屋上のレストランは高級そだね。 Ano okujō no resutoran wa kōkyū sō da ne. The restaurant on the roof (of that building)looks high class, doesn't it? Hope this helps, and see you again！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Commute 「Kayou・かよう」 「Kah-Yoh-Uu」 通う あなたの通うはどのくらいですか。 Anata no kayou wa dono kurai desu ka? How long is your commute? Hope this helps, and see you again！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 住 「7 Strokes」 「Jū, Su(mu), Su(mau)・Live, Dwell, Reside」 あなたはどこに住んでいますか。 Anata wa doko ni sunde imasu ka? Where do you reside? Other uses for住 住所「じゅうしょ」Jūso・An address 安住「あんじゅう」Anjū・Peaceful living 住人「じゅうにん」Jūnin・Inhabitant, resident 住まい「すまい」Sumai・Residence, where one lives, address 住み心地「すみごこち」Sumigokochi・Comfortableness, livability Hope this helps, and see you again！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Implying Through Comparison」 With negative sentences, the verb form is changed to the negative form. The dictionary, or plain, form changes to the nai form, and the polite, or masu, form changes to masen form. With the particle wa attached to the direct object in a negative sentence replaces the object marker of o, singling out the direct object as one item in contrast to another, similar item. The item with which the direct object is set in contrast can be specified (ex., 3), or not (ex., 1, 2). Examples: 阿部さんは韓国語は話しません。 Abe-san wa Kankokugo wa hanashimasen. Mr. Abe doesn't speak Korean. 「Implying: But he speaks Chinese, etc.」 尾崎先生は数学は教えない。 Ozaki-sensei wa sūgaku wa oshienai. Professor Ozaki doesn't teach mathematics. 「Implying: But he teaches science, etc.」 雅子さんはテニスはします。ゴルフはしません。 Masako(-san) wa tenisu wa shimasu. Gorufu wa shimasen. Masako plays tennis. She doesn't play golf. Hope this helps, and see you again！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 主 「5 Strokes」 「Shu, Su・Main; Master, Lord・Nushi・Owner, Master・Omo・Main, principal」 あなたがここにいる主な理由は何ですか？ Anata ga koko ni iru omo na riyū wa nani desu ka? What is the main reason you are here? Other uses for 主 主人「しゅじん」Shujin・Husband, head of household 主人公「しゅじんこう」Shujinkō・Hero, main character 自主「じしゅ」Jishu・Independence, autonomy 主語「しゅご」Shugo・Subject (in grammar) 地主「じぬし」Jinushi・Landowner, landlord Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + Yō daようだ」 ”Seem," "look like" The auxiliary na-adjective (word ends in na) yō da expresses the speaker's conjecture based on firsthand information. Mitai da can be used in casual conversation in place of yō da (ex., 3) Examples: この車はバッテリーが弱いようだ。 Kono kuruma wa batterī ga yowai yō da. It seems that this car has a weak battery. 遭難者の救助は困難なようだ。 Sōnansha no kyūjo wa konnanna yō da. It seems that the rescue of the victims is difficult. 原さんのけがは軽かったみたいだ。 Hara-san no kega wa karukatta mitai da. It seems that Miss Hara's injury was slight. Yō da is also used to express a likeness between two people or things. With yō da, the speaker is drawing a similarity based on available visual information. Since yō da is a na-adjective, its prenominal form yōna can modify any noun that follows it (ex., 2). Examples: あの外国人はまるで日本人のよう/日本人みたいだ。 Ano gaikokujin wa marude Nihonjin no yō/Nihonjin mitai da. That foreigner is just like a Japanese person. あそこにネルソンさんのような/ネルソンさんみたいな人がいます。 Asoko ni Neruson-san no yōna/Neruson-san mitaina hito ga imasu. There is a man over there who looks like Mr. Nelson. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic + rashii らしい」 ”Seem," "look like," ”I heard" Vdic rashii expresses the speaker's conjecture based on some reliable information. Desu may be added to the auxiliary rashii to make the speech polite. Examples: 雪子さんはカナダ旅行をあきらめるらしい(です)。 Yukiko-san wa Kanada ryokō o akirameru rashii (desu). It seems that Yukiko will give up the (idea of) a Canadian trip. あの会社は倒産するらしい(です)。 Ano kaisha wa tōsan suru rashii (desu). I heard that the company will go bankrupt. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Wear 「Kiru・きる」 ”Kee-Roo" 着る それはあなたが着るドレスですか。 Sore wa anata ga kiru doresu desu ka. Is that the dress you will wear? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Describing actions in the Present, Future, and Past」 食堂で朝ご飯を食べる/食べます。 Shokudō de asa gohan o taberu/tabemasu. I eat breakfast in the dining room. The particle de when following a noun indicates the location where an action or event takes place (Ex., 1, 2). De can also be used with certain time-nouns, which indicate the time when an action or event takes place (Ex., 3). Furthermore, the particle o following a noun, as with the above example, marks the noun as the direct object of a transitive verb. If the direct object is also the topic of the sentence (Ex., 3), the topic marker wa replaces o. Examples: ジェフさんは図書館で新聞を読みます。 Jefu-san wa toshokan de shinbun o yomimasu. Jeff reads the newspapers in the library. 午後講堂で映画がある。 Gogo kōdō de eiga ga aru. There will be a movie in the auditorium in the afternoon. この件は、後で調べます。 Kono ken wa, ato de shirabemasu. As for this matter, I'll check into it later. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 場 「12 Strokes」 「Jō, Ba・Place」 これはあなたが行きたい場所ですか。 Kore wa anata ga ikitai basho desu ka. Is this the place you wanted to go? Other uses for場 相場「そうば」Sōba・Market price 工場「こうじょう」Kōjō・Factory, plant 立場「たちば」Tachiba・Standpoint, point of view 出場「しゅつじょう」Shutsujō・Stage appearance; participation Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + rashii らしい」 ”Seem,” "look like" The auxiliary i-adjective of rashii is used to express the speaker's conjecture based on what they have heard or read. Examples: あの地方は雨が多いらしいです。 Ano chihō wa ame ga ōi rashii desu. It seems that region has much rain. そこへ車で行くのは不便らしい。 Soko e kuruma de iku no wa fuben rashii. It seems inconvenient to go there by car. 昨日小川さんはひまじゃなかったらしい。 Kinō Ogawa-san wa hima ja nakatta rashii. It seems that Mr. Ogawa was not free yesterday. NOTE: When used after a noun, rashii also carries the meaning, "is the epitome of." Since it is an i-adjective, it can modify any noun which follows it (ex., #2) Examples: 小田さんは男らしい。 Oda-san wa otoko rashii. Mr. Oda is manly. 「Lit., Mr. Oda is like the ideal model of a man.」 今日は春らしい日ですね。 Kyō wa haru rashii hi desu ne. Today is a springlike day, isn't it? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Open 「Hiraku・ひらく」 ”Hee-Rah-Kuu” 開く ドアを開くください。 Doa o hiraku kudasai. Please open the door. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language
「Sentence Structure」 「４」 「Describing actions in the Present, Future, and Past」 Japanese verbs use the same form for both the present and future tenses. The tense of the verb is made clear by the use of time adverbs or by context. Like the copula (pattern 1), Japanese verbs have plain and polite forms. The plain form (also known as dictionary form), is the form listed in dictionaries and generally used in writing and speech among family and friends. The polite form, also called the masu-form is used mainly among adults who are not close friends and in business. Japanese verbs can be separated into three groups: Regular I, Regular II, and Irregular. These are recognized as follows. 1. Regular I verbs: The dictionary form of regular I verb has a consonant plus a u-vowel ending: iku ("go"), yomu ("read") 2. Regular II verbs: The dictionary form of a regular II verb has a vowel (either e or i) and a ru ending: taberu ("eat"), miru ("see"). Exceptions: Some verbs ending with -eru or -iru are Regular I verbs: kaeru ("return home"), hashiru ("run") 3. Irregular verbs: There are only two irregular verbs kuru ("come") and suru ("do"). Suru combines with nouns to form verbs: shigoto ("work"), shigoto suru ("do work"), doraibu ("drive") doraibu suru ("go for a drive"). The particle ni following a time-noun indicates the time at which someone or something does something or something happens. Ni is optional with the four seasons, haru ("spring"), natsu ("summer"), aki ("fall"), and fuyu ("winter"). Also, certain time-nouns that refer to broader time frames, rather than to specific times do not take ni: kyō ("today"), konshū ("this week"), raigetsu ("next month"), etc. コンサートは午後8時に始まる。 Konsāto wa gogo hachiji ni hajimaru. The concert starts at 8 P.M. 課長は月曜日に出掛けます。 Kachō wa getsuyōbi ni dekakemasu. The section chief will leave on Monday. 佐川さんは来週来ます。 Sagawa-san wa raishū kimasu. Mr. Sagawa will come next month. 私達は春(に)旅行します。 Watashitachi wa haru (ni) ryokō shimasu. We travel in the spring. 「We will take a trip in the spring.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language
「Verbs」 「Vdic + to iu と言う」 ”(He) says that ~ Vdic to iu is used to express indirect quotations. The verb iu may be replaced by other verbs such as omou 思う (think) or kiku 聞く(hear) to express what a person thinks or hears. Examples: 阿部先生は講義は三時までに済むと言いました。 Abe-sensei wa kōgi wa sanji made ni sumu to iimashita. Prof. Abe said that the lecture would end by three o'clock. かれはいつか故郷を訪ねると思う。 Kare wa itsuka kokyō o tazuneru to omou. I think that he will visit his home town some day. 山田さんが新しい会社を組織すると聞きました。 Yamada-san ga atarashii kaisha o soshiki suru to kikimashita. I heard that Mr. Yamada will set up a new company. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Morning 「Asa・あさ」 ”Ah-Sah" 朝 あなたは朝の人ですか？ Anata wa asa no hito desu ka? Are you a morning person? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + ni chigainai にちがいない」 ”Must be,” "no doubt" The auxiliary i-adjective chigainai preceded by ni expresses the speaker's conviction. Chigaiarimasen is the polite form. Examples: 和田先生の試験は易しいにちがいない。 Wada-sensei no shiken wa yasashii ni chigainai. Professor Wada's exam must be easy. 展覧会は学生には面白くなかったにちがいありません。 Tenrankai wa gakusei ni wa omoshirokunakatta ni chigaiarimasen. The exhibition was no doubt uninteresting to the students. この指輪は高価にちがいない。 Kono yubiwa wa kōka ni chigainai. This ring must be expensive. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 所 「8 Strokes」 「Sho, Tokoro・Place」 これが初めて会った場所です。 Kore ga hajimete atta basho desu. This is the place we first met. Other uses for 所 案内所「あんないじょ」Annaijo・Inquiry office, information desk 原子力発電所・Genshiryoku hatsudensho・Nuclear power plant 長所「ちょうしょ」Chōsho・Strong point, merit, advantage 所長「しょちょう」Shochō・Director, head manager 名所「めいしょ」Meisho・Noted place, sights (to see) Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Bakari・ばかり」 「Part 2」 「３」Emphasizes the singularity of the immediately preceding word: "only, nothing but." NOTE: (1) With the position of bakari in the sentence affecting the meaning, several versions of one sentence have been given, to express this difference. With loose usage, however, bakari can tend to shift from the word it intends to modify, leaving the meaning to be gathered from context. (2) In this usage, bakari can contain a degree of disapproval, which dake does not. Examples: 課長はこの頃ウイスキーばかり飲んでいますね。 Kachō wa konogoro uisukī bakari nonde imasu ne. The section chief is drinking nothing but whiskey these days. 課長はこの頃ウイスキーを飲んでばかりいますね。 Kachō wa konogoro uisukī o bakari nonde imasu ne. The section chief is doing nothing but drink whiskey these days. 課長はこの頃ウイスキーを飲んでいるばかりですね。 Kachō wa konogoro uisukī o nonde iru bakari desu ne. All the section chief does these days is drink whiskey. テレビばかり見ていると目を悪くしますよ。 Terebi bakari mite iru to me o waruku shimasu yo. If all you do is watch TV, you'll ruin your eyes. 「If you watch TV all the time, you'll ruin your eyes.」 NOTE: Here, terebi o mite iru bakari da to me o waruku shimasu yo is also possible (and grammatically, more acceptable), but the above example is more common, and shares the same meaning. 「４」Used after the -ta form of verbs: "just." NOTE: If using tokoro, rather than bakari, the meaning is similar, but bakari shows more emphasis. Examples: 父は今帰ってきたばかりです。 Chichi wa ima kaette kita bakari desu. My father just now came home. 「My father just got home.」 順ちゃんは、ご飯を食べたばかりなのに、もうおやつを欲しがっています。 Jun-chan wa, gohan o tabeta bakari na no ni, mō oyatsu hoshigatte imasu. Even though Jun has just eaten a meal, he already wants a snack. 「Even though Jun has just finished eating, he already wants a snack.」 「５」Emphasizes a reason or cause in the phrase bakari ni : "(just, merely) because, for the simple reason." Examples: 渡辺さんはステレオを買いたいばかりに、一生懸命にアルバイトをしている。 Watanabe-san wa sutereo o kaitai bakari ni, isshō-kenmei ni arubaito o shite iru. Watanabe is working like a dog at his part-time job for the simple reason that he wants to buy a stereo. 「Watanabe wants to buy a stereo so badly that he is working for all he's worth at his part time job.」 山田さんは政治家と結婚したばかりに、苦労している。 Yamada-san wa seijika to kekkon shita bakari ni, kurō shite iru. Simply because Yamada married a politician, she is having a hard time. 「Just because she married a politician, Yamada is finding the going tough.」 Hope this helps, and see you next time for the particle dake! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Thin 「”Slim," "Slender," etc.」 「Hosoi・ほそい」 ”Ho-So-Ee" 細い 機会の窓は細いです。 Kikai no mado wa hosoi desu. The window of opportunity is slim. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 In Japanese, sentences which negate a comparison, the particle hodo ("to the degree") follows the item with which the topic (marked by the topic-marker wa) is being compared, with the sentence ending with an adjective in the negative form. Examples: このれレポートは和田さんのレポートほど詳しくありません。 Kono re repōto wa Wada-san no repōto hodo kuwashiku arimasen. This report is not as detailed as Ms. Wada's report. この問題はその問題ほど大切ではありません。 Kono mondai wa sono mondai hodo taisetsu de wa arimasen. This problem is not as important as that one. この犬は私の犬ほど賢くない。 Kono inu watashi no inu hodo kashikoku nai. This dog is not as intelligent as my dog. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 戸 「4 Strokes」 「Ko, To・Door」 戸口がクリアされていることを確認してください。 Toguchi ga kuria sa rete iru koto o kakunin shite kudasai Make sure the doorway is clear. Other uses for 戸 戸外で「こがいで」Kogai de・Outdoors, in the open air 下戸「げこ」Geko・Non-drinker, teetotaler 木戸「きど」Kido・Gate, entrance; castle gate 雨戸「あまど」Amado・Storm door, shutter Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic + node・ので」 ”because," "since," "so" Vdic node expresses a cause or a reason presented more objectively without projecting the speaker's personal opinion. This node clause cannot be followed by a main clause involving the speaker's volition, opinion, command or invitation. Examples: 明日ボーナスをもらうので、うれしい。 Ashita bōnasu o morau node, ureshī. I'm happy, because I'll receive a bonus tomorrow. 彼は朝早く起きるので、早く出勤します。 Kare wa asa hayaku okiru node, hayaku shukkin shimasu. Because he gets up early in the morning, he comes to work early. 矢野さんが入院するので、私が宴会に出ることになりました。 Yano-san ga nyūin suru node, watashi ga enkai ni deru koto ni narimashita. Since Mr. Yano will be hospitalized, it's been decided that I will attend the banquet. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Boring 「Tsumaranai・つまらない」 ”Tsuu-Ma-Ra-Nye” それは可能な限りつまらないです。 Sore wa kanōna kagiri tsumaranai desu. It's as boring as can be. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 In Japanese, when decribing one item (unkown to the listener) by saying that it is about the same as another (that the listener knows), the item that is lesser known is given as the topic, followed by the topic-marker of wa. Following that is the known quantity, followed by the phrase to onaji kurai ("about as ... as"), then the adjective which fits both items. The phrase to onaji kurai can be shortened to just kurai or, colloquially, gurai (ex., 2, 3.) Examples: 今ニューヨークは東京(と同じ)くらい蒸し暑いです。 Ima nyū-yōku wa Tōkyō (to onaji) kurai mushiatsui desu. New York is about as humid Tokyo now. 弟は僕(と同じ)ぐらい背が高い。 Otōto wa boku (to onaji) gurai se ga takai. My little brother is about as tall as me. この時計はその時計(と同じ)ぐらい性格だ。 Kono tokei wa sono tokei (to onaji) gurai seikaku da. This watch is about as accurate as that one. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 路 「13 Strokes」 「Ro,-Ji・Street, Way」 高速道路を出るまでどれくらいの間？ Kōzokudōro o deru made dore kurai no ma? How long till we exit the highway? Other uses for 路 回路「かいろ」Kairo・Sea route 道路「どうろ」Dōro・Street, road 水路「すいろ」Suiro・Waterway, aqueduct 通路「つうろ」Tsūro・Passageway, walkway, aisle 十字路「じゅうじろ」Jūjiro・Intersection, crossroads Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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