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Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「9」 Ms. Ross was an English teacher. ロスさんは英語の先生だった/でした。 Rosu-san wa Eigo no sensei datta/deshita. When wanting to express the past tense in Japanese, the copula da changes to datta, and desu to deshita. Examples: My grandfather was the principle of an elementary school. 祖父は小学校の校長でした。 Sofu wa shōgakkō no kōchō deshita. Mr. Brown was the governor of California. ブラウンさんはカリフォルニアの知事だった。 Buraun-san wa Kariforunia no chiji datta. This store was a camera shop. この店はカメラ屋だった。 Kono mise wa kameraya datta. This room and that room were both our classrooms. この部屋もその部屋も私達の教室でした。 Kono heya mo sono heya mo watashi-tachi no kyōshitsu deshita. Hope this helps you on your way to learning Japanese, see you next time! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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校 「10 Strokes」 「Kō・School; (Printing) Proof」 学校は自分の夢を達成するために重要な部分です。 Gakkō wa jibun no yume o tassei suru tame ni jūyō na bubun desu. School is an important part of achieving one's dreams. Other uses for校 学校「がっこう」Gakkō ・School 小学校「しょうがっこう」Shōgakkō・Elementary school 中学校「ちゅうがっこう」Chūgakkō・Middle school 母校「ぼこう」Bokō・Alma mater 校長「こうちょう」Kōchō・Principle, headmaster Hope that was helpful, and see you soon! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「To ka・とか」 「１」 To ka joins nouns, verbs (clauses), or adjectives in order to indicate several representative items from a much larger possible listing: "among other things, such things as." NOTE: When used with nouns, to ka has the same meaning as ya, but is more informal. Examples: 昨日デパートで、セーターとかくつとかを買った。 Kinō depāto de, sētā to ka kutsu to ka o katta. Yesterday I bought a sweater, shoes, and some other things at the department store. 休みにはジョギングをするとか、テニスをするとかしています。 Yasumi ni wa jogingu o suru to ka, tenisu o suru to ka shite imasu. When I'm off work, I do things like jogging and playing tennis. 「２」 To ka can be used after pairs of words of opposite meaning, which indicates uncertainty. Examples: 川口さんは、あの銀行に勤めるとか勤めないとか言っていましたが、どうなりましたか。 Kawaguchi-san wa, ano ginkō ni tsutomeru to ka tsutomenai to ka itte imashita ga, dō narimashita ka. Kawaguchi was saying that he'd work for that bank and then that he wouldn't. Whatever happened? あの人はそのときによって、仕事が面白いとか面白くないとか言うので、どちらなのかわかりません。 Ano hito wa sono toki ni yotte, shigoto ga omoshiroi to ka omoshirokunai to ka iu no de, dochira na no ka wakarimasen. Depending on which day it is, she says she likes her work or she doesn't like it, so I don't know whether she does or not. Next we shall cover the particle nado・など, hope this was helpful, and see you next time! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and adverbs」 「Adj+no の」 "one" Chiisai no 小さい Little one Jōbuna no 丈夫なの Durable one When the particle no is attached to ani- or na- adjective in Japanese, it changes function to that of a pronoun: it replaces a noun when the noun is understood from context. Examples: Ano chiisai no o misete kudasai. あの小さいのを見せてください。 Please show me that small one over there. Jōbuna no o erabimashita. 丈夫なのを選びました。 I choose a/the durable one. I hope it was helpful, next time we will cover the usage of motto when used with an adjective, hope to see you there！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「８」 Mr. Ogawa and Mr. Maki are both my friends. 小川さんも牧さんも私の友達だ/です。 Ogawa-san mo Maki-san mo watashi no tomodachi da/desu. In Japanese, the particle mo can follow two different nouns in a sentence which indicates that the two nouns fall in similar categories. The phrase which forms the phrase with use of mo is the subject of an affirmative sentence, which means "both...and," or as the subject or of a negative sentence, which means "neither...nor." Examples: (1) This room and that room are both conference rooms. この部屋もその部屋も会議室です。 Kono heya mo sono heya mo kaigishitsu desu. (2) Both he and she are graduates of Harvard. 彼も彼女もハーバードの卒業生です。 Kare mo kanojo mo hābādo no sotsugyōsei desu. (3) Neither Jim nor Sam is a football player. ジムもサムもフットボールの選手じゃない。 Jimu mo Samu mo futtobōru no senshu ja nai. (4) My younger sister is neither a pianist nor a singer. 妹はピアニストでも歌手でもありません。 Imōto wa pianisuto demo kashu demo arimasen. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 交 「６Strokes」 「Kō・Intersection, coming and going・Ma(jiru), Ma(zaru)・(Intr.)Mix・Maji(eru), Ma(zeru)・(tr) Mix・Maji(waru), Ka(u)・Associate (with)・Ka(wasu)・Exchange (greeting)」 個人生活と職業生活の交差点がトラブルを引き起こす可能性があります。 Kojin seikatsu to shokugyō seikatsu no kōsaten ga toraburu o hikiokosu kanōsei ga arimasu. The intersection of personal and professional life can cause trouble. Other uses for交 国交「こっこう」Kokkō・Diplomatic relations 外交「がいこう」Gaikō・Foreign policy, diplomacy 性交「せいこう」Seikō・Sexual intercourse Hope to see you again！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 父 「４Strokes」 「Fu,Chichi・Father」 あなたのお父さんはどこですか？ Anata no otōsan wa doko desu ka? 「Where is your father?」 Other uses for 父 父母「ふぼ、ちちはは」Fubo, Chichihaha・Father and mother 父子「ふし」Fushi・Father and child/son 父方「ちちかた」Chichikata・Paternal, on the father's side 父上「ちちうえ」Chichiue・Father お父さん「おとうさん」Otōsan・Father Hope to see you again soon! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Repair 「しゅうふく、Shūfuku」 修復 友情を修復するには忍耐が必要です。 Yūjō o shūfuku suru ni wa nintai ga hitsuyōdesu. It takes patience to repair friendships. °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 母 「5 Strokes」 「Bo, Haha・Mother」 あなたが母と思うものは、あなたを産んだ人である必要はありません。 Anata ga haha to omou mono wa, anata o unda hito de aru hitsuyō wa arimasen. 「The one you consider mother, does not have to be the one who birthed you.」 Other uses for 母 母子「ぼし」Boshi・Mother and child 聖母「せいぼ」Seibo・One's biological mother 母国語「ぼこくご」Bokokugo・One's mother tongue 母方「ははかた」Hahakata・Maternal, on the mother's side お母さん「おかあさん」Okāsan・Mother °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「７」 (a) My father is a doctor. 私の父は医者だ/です。 Watashi no chichi wa isha da/desu. (b)Ms. Sada's father is also a doctor. 佐田さんのお父さんもいしゃだ/です。 Sada-san no otōsan mo isha da/desu. In Japanese, the terms to address or refer to one's own family members differ to those used in reference to someone else's family members. Referring to one's own father, the humble form of chichi is used; in reference to someone else's father the honorific form of o-tō-san is used. When addressing one's own father however, the honorific o-tō-san is used. 「There will be a list of all the terms for family members either that of your own, or your friends, and when to use and what, that will be put up in the near future, please look forward to it!」 Examples: 私の兄は公務員です。課長のお兄さんも公民です。 Watashi no ani wa kōmuindesu. Kachō no o-nī-san mo kōmin desu. My older brother is a civil servant. The section chief's older brother is also a civil servant. 息子は大学生です。田垣先生の息子さんも大学生です。 Musuko wa daigakusei desu. Tagaki sensei no musuko-san mo daigakusei desu. My son is a college student. Professor Tagaki's son is also a college student. 家内は秘書じゃない。ヒルさんの奥さんも秘書じゃない。 Kanai wa hisho ja nai. Hiru-san no oku-san mo hisho ja nai. My wife isn't a secretary. Mr Hill's wife isn't either. 祖父は政治家ではない。友達のおじいさんも政治家ではない。 Sofu wa seijika de wa nai. Tomodachi no ojīsan mo seijika de wa nai. My grandfather isn't a politician. My friend's grandfather isn't, either. Hope you find this useful, and hope to see you again! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+Kamoshirenai かもしれない」 「"Might"」 The verb form kamoshirenai is used to express the speaker's speculation or guess. Kamoshiremasen is the polite speech style. Examples: この犬は死ぬかもしれない。 Kono inu wa shinu kamoshirenai. The dog might die. 女の子が生まれるかもしれません。 Onna no ko ga umareru kamoshiremasen. A baby girl might be born (to her). 姉は来年結婚するかもしれません。 Ane wa rainen kekkon suru kamoshiremasen. My older sister might marry next year. Hope you find this info useful. Next time we shall cover the verb form of ni chigainai・にちがいない hope to see you there! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 文 「4 Strokes」 「Bun、Mon・Literature, Text, Sentence・Fumi・Letter, Note」 過去の文学作品は、将来のものを創造するのに役立ちます。 Kako no bungaku sakuhin wa, shōrai no mono o sōzō suru no ni yakudachimasu. 「Literary works of the past, can help us create those of the future.」 Other uses for 文 文字「もじ・もんじ」Moji/Monji・Letter, Character 文学「ぶんがく」Bungaku・Literature 本文「ほんぶん」Honbun・Text, Wording 文語「ぶんご」Bungo・The written language 文明「ぶんめい」Bunmei・Civilization °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「６」 (a) I am not a bank employee. 私は銀行員ではない/ではありません。 Watashi wa ginkōin de wa nai/de wa arimasen. In Japanese, negative sentences change the copula da to de wa nai and desu to de wa arimasen. While with colloquial speach, ja nai or ja arimasen can be used in place of de wa nai or de wa arimasen. Examples: ネルソンさんは外交官ではありません。 Neruson-san wa gaikōkan de wa arimasen. Mr. Nelson is not a Diplomat. 私達は佐野先生の学生じゃありません。 Watashi-tachi wa Sano-sensei no gakusei ja arimasen. We are not Professor Sano's students. これは東京駅ではありません。 Koreha Tōkyō Eki de wa arimasen. This is not Tōkyō Station. その鉛筆はジェフのじゃない。 Sono enpitsu wa Jefu no ja nai. That pencil is not Jeff's. あのビルは病院ではない。 Ano biru wa byōin de wa nai. That building over there isn't a hospital. Hope this information helps, and see you next time！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Ya・や」 「１」 Ya can be used to join nouns which indicate a non-exhaustive list of items: "such things as, and...and." NOTE: Ya implies that the items stated are taken as examples from a larger group of items. In contrast to to, ya implies that the items stated are the only ones under consideration. Ya is commonly combined with nado ("and such"), which reinforces its aforementioned meaning. Examples: テーブルの上に、おすしややきとりやてんぷらなどがあります。 Tēburu no ue ni, o sushi ya yaki tori ya tenpura nado ga arimasu. On the table, there are such things as sushi, yakitori, and tempura. 私の部屋には、コンピューターやステレオが置いてあります。 Watashi no heya ni wa, konpyūtā ya sutereo ga oite arimasu. In my room there is a computer, a stereo, and such. 「２」 Ya can also be used for the idiomatic expresstion ya ina ya (which follows the verb root): "as soon as, no sooner had." Examples: 駅に着くやいなや、電車が出てしまった。 Eki ni tsuku ya ina ya, densha ga dete shimatta. No sooner had I arrived at the station than the train left. おふろに入るやいなや、電話が鳴った。 Ofuro ni hairu ya ina ya, denwa ga natta. No sonner had I gotten into the bath than the phone rang. Hope this helps you out, next we time the particle to ka・とか, hope to see you there! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 字 「５Strokes」 「Ji・Character, Letter・Aza・Village section」 日本語の文字は覚えにくいです。 Nihongo no moji wa oboe nikuidesu. 「Japanese characters can be hard to memorize.」 Other uses for 字 国字「こくじ」Kokuji・National/Japanese script ローマ字「ろうまじ」Rōmaji・Roman letters 当て字「あてじ」Ateji・Kanji used phonetically/for meaning 字体「じたい」Jitai・Form of a character; typeface, font 十字「じゅうじ」Jūji・A cross Thanks for reading, and hope it helps！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「5」 (a) Who is that person? あの人はだれですか。 Ano hito wa dare desu ka. (b) What is that? あれはなんですか。 Are wa nan desu ka. In Japanese, the interrogatives dare ("who") and nan or nani ("what") are placed after the topic (marked by the particle wa), which forms who- and what- questions. Examples: 日本の首相はだれですか。 Nihon no shushō wa dare desu ka. Who is the Prime Minister of Japan？ このクラスの受け持ちはだれですか。 Kono kurasu no ukemochi wa dare desu ka. Who is in charge of this class？ あの塔はなんですか。 Ano tō wa nan desu ka. What is that tower over there？ この箱はなんですか。 Kono hako wa nan desu ka. What are those boxes？ That covers "what" and "who" within Japanese sentences, next to be covered will be, "de wa nai," and "de wa arimasen" hope to see you there! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 学 「7 Strokes」 「Gaku・Science, study・Mana(bu)・Learn」 科学は興味深いテーマです。 Kagaku wa kyōmibukai tēmadesu. 「Science is an interesting subject.」 Other uses for学 大学「だいがく」Daigaku・University, College 学部「がくぶ」Gakubu・Academic department; Faculty 入学「にゅうがく」Nyūgaku・Entry/admission into a school 学生「がくせい」Gakusei・Student 言語学「げんごがく」Gengogaku・Linguistics °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「4」 (a) Is Ms. Takagi a lawyer? 高木さんは弁護士ですか。 Takagi-san wa bengoshi desu ka. (b) Is this Japanese or Chinese? これは日本語ですか、中国語ですか。 Kore wa nihongo desu ka, chūgokugo desu ka. The particle ka at the end of the sentence turns the sentence into a question. When wanting to form alternate questions, simple add as many questions as needed, while omitting the topic, which does not need to be repeated. 「examples 3 & 4」 Examples: 成田さんは新聞社のレポーターですか。 Narita-san wa shinbunsha no repōtā desu ka. Is Ms. Narita a reporter for a newspaper (company)? それは課長の机ですか。 Sore wa kachō no tsukue desu ka. Is that the section chief's desk? 三上さんはエンジニアですか、建築家ですか。 Mikami-san wa enjinia desu ka, kenchikuka desu ka. Is Mr. Mikami an engineer or an architecht？ この本はあなたのですか、ビルのですか。 Kono hon wa anata no desu ka, Biru no desu ka. Is this book yours, or Bill's？ 「Is this book yours? Bill's?」 Hope that has helped you understand more of how Japanese works, hope to see you again！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese language 「Particles」 「To wa・とは」 「１」 Can be used in order to indicate a word or phrase being defined, or for a definition that is clarified. Examples: UNとは国連のことです。 UN to wa kokuren no koto desu. ”UN" refers to the United Nations. リーダーの条件とは何でしょうか。 Rīdā no jōken to wa nani deshō ka. What are the prerequisites of leadership？ 「２」 Can be used between two clauses that are opposed in definition; the first clause represents a concession to the second (usually in the form of wa ie): "though, even though." Examples: 政府を信用していないとはいえ、政府のやり方に従わないわけにはいかない。 Seifu o shin'yō shite inai to wa ie, seifu no yarikata ni shitagawanai wake ni wa ikanai. Even though you don't trust the government, you [still] have to adhere to its way of doing things. 「You may not trust the government, but you must still adhere to its way of doing things.」 春とはいえまだ寒い。 Haru to wa ie mada samui. Even though its spring, its still cold. Thank you for your time, and hope this was useful, next time we shall cover the particle Ya・や, hope to see you there! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 電 「13 Strokes」 「Den・Electricity」 今日は電気なしでどれくらいの人が住むことができますか？ Kyō wa denki nashi de dorekurai no hito ga sumu koto ga dekimasu ka? 「How many people could live without electricity nowadays?」 Other uses for電 電力「でんりょく」Denryoku・Electical power/energy 電子「でんし」Denshi・Electron 電子レンジ「でんしれんじ」Denshi renji・Microwave oven 発電「はつでん」Hatsuden・Generation of electricity 風力発電「ふうりょくはつでん」Furyoku hatsuden・Wind power generation ( •˓◞•̀ ) こゆうきあいはら ( •˓◞•̀ ) 用 「５Strokes」 「Yō・Business, Usage; (as suffix) Use, For・Mochi(iru)・Use」 よく知られていない機器の使用を監督する必要があります。 Yoku shira rete inai kiki no shiyō o kantoku suru hitsuyō ga arimasu. 「Usage of unfamiliar equipment should be supervised.」 Other uses for 用 用事「ようじ」Yōji・Business affair; errand 用語「ようご」Yōgo・(Technical) term, Vocabulary 無用「むよう」Muyō・Useless, unnecessary 男子用「だんしよう」Danshiyō・For men, Men's 用水「ようすい」Yōsui・City/Tap water こゆうきあいはら Japanese Language 「Particles」 「To・と」 「Part 3」 Follows verbs and adjectives to form a conditional: "if, unless, whether or not." 「１」 To・と can be used to indicate a second action that follows immediately upon the preceding action; often identified by the use of sugu (immediately, right away): "as soon as." Examples: 朝起きるとすぐ、カーテンを開けます。 Asa okiru to sugu, kāten o akemasu. As soon as I get up in the morning, I open the curtains. 昨日は会社の仕事がおわると、まっすぐ家に帰った。 Kinō wa kaisha no shigoto ga owaru to, massugu ie ni kaetta. Yesterday, as soon as work was over, I went home. 「I went straight home after work yesterday.」 「２」 To・と can be used to indicate inevitability of a second action following the preceding action: "when, as." Examples: 日本では春になると桜が咲きます。 Nihon de wa haru ni naru to sakura ga sakimasu. When spring comes in Japan, the cherry trees bloom. 車が多くなると交通事故が増えます。 Kuruma ga ōku naru to kōtsū jiko ga fuemasu. As (the number of) cars increases, the (incidence of) traffic accidents rises. 「The more cars there are, the more traffic accidents occur.」 不景気になると失業者が増えます。 Fukeiki ni naru to shitsugyō-sha ga fuemasu. When there is a recession, the number of jobless increases. 「３」 To・と can be used to indicate a hypothetical condition: "if, unless." Examples: 山田さんが来ないと会議が始められません。 Yamada-san ga konai to kaigi ga hajime raremasen. If Yamada doesn't come, the meeting can't be started. 「We can't start the meeting unless Yamada comes.」 明日、天気がいいと野球ができます。 Ashita, tenki ga ii to yakyū ga dekimasu. If the weather is good tomorrow, we can play baseball. 「４」 To・と can indicate when something has been learned as a result of specific actions: "when, after, as a result of." Examples: 銀行へ行くと、もう閉まっていた。 Ginkō e iku to, mō shimatte ita. When I went to the bank,「I found」it was already closed. 交番で道をきくと、その会社はすぐ見つかった。 Kōban de michi o kiku to, sono kaisha wa sugu mitsukatta. After asking the way at a police box, I found the company right away. 「５」 To・と can be used with two verbs (either two different verbs ending in -yō/-ō, or the same verb repeated, the first ending in -yō/-ō, the second in the negative, -nai); indicates a lack of concern over which of the two events occurs: "whether...(or) not." Examples: ”円”が強くなろうと弱くなろうと、私の生活には関係ありません。 ”En” ga tsuyoku narou to yowaku narou to, watashi no seikatsu ni wa kankei arimasen. Whether the yen gets stonger or grows weaker [rises or falls], it has no effect on my [daily] life. 彼女が一人でパーチイーに行こうと行くまいと、私はかまいません。 Kanojo ga hitori de pātī ni ikō to iku mai to, watashi wa kamaimasen. I don't care whether she goes to the party alone or not. That marks the end of the particle to・と, hope it helped you, and see you next time with the next particle to cover: to wa・とは! ೖ(σ̑˽σ̑)ೖ こゆうきあいはら ೖ(σ̑˽σ̑)ೖ |
AuthorKoyuuki Aihara Archives
March 2021
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