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Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The particle ga is used as a conjunction that can be combined with two sentences. Used to mean "but" (also used to mean "and" when loosely combining two sentences) and is often used to introduce a contrast. The repeated use of the particle wa after a noun in a sentence with a conjunctive ga is contrastive. This contrastive wa can be added to nouns or noun phrases that already have a particle attached (Ex., 1, 2, 3). Examples: プールでは泳いだが、海では泳がなかった。 Pūru de wa oyoida ga, umi de wa oyoganakatta. I swam in the pool, but not in the ocean. 姉はパリへは行きましたが、ローマへは行きませんでした。 Ane wa Pari e wa ikimashita ga, rōma e wa ikimasen deshita. My older sister went to Paris, but not to Rome. 須田さんは列車では旅行したが、飛行機では旅行しなかった。 Suda-san wa ressha de wa ryokō shita ga, hikōki de wa ryokō shinakatta. Mr. Suda traveled by train, but not by plane. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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紙 「10 Strokes」 「Shi, Kami・Paper」 私があなたに送った手紙を受け取りましたか？ Watashi ga anata ni okutta tegami o uketori mashita ka? Did you receive the letter I sent you? Other uses for 紙 和紙「わし」Washi・Japanese paper 日本紙「にほんし」Nihonshi・Japanese paper 新聞紙「しんぶんし」Shinbunshi・Newspaper; newsprint 質問用紙「しつもんようし」Shitsumon yōshi・Questionaire Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「No ni のに」 1. Used between two clauses when indicating that they are opposed in meaning: "although, even though, despite the fact that." NOTE: No ni indicates a stronger opposition in meaning than ga or keredomo. Examples: 池田さんは風邪で咳が出るのに、タバコばかり吸っています。 Ikeda-san wa kaze de seki ga deru no ni, tabako bakari sutte imasu. Even though Ikeda is coughing from a cold, all he does is smoke cigarettes [he is (still) smoking all the time]. 山本さんのパーティーには行かないと言ったのに、どうして行くんですか。 Yamamoto-san no pātī ni wa ikanai to itta no ni, dōshite iku-n desu ka. You said you wouldn't go to Yamamoto's party, so why are you going? [Why are you going to Yamamoto's party when you said you said you wouldn't?] 2. Used at the end of a sentence, indicating a feeling of dissatisfaction: "despite the fact that, eventhough." NOTE: This usage is essentially the same as the example above, aside from the second clause is not stated outright. (Words in brackets below show only one of various imaginable contexts.) Examples: 勉強をしなさいと言ったのに... Benkyō o shi nasai to itta no ni... Despite the fact that I told you to study [you didn't and are now in hot water]. /I told you to study! 交通事故を起こさないように気をつけていたのに... Kōtsū jiko o okosanai yō ni ki o tsukete ita no ni... Even though I tried to be careful so as not to have an accident...[I smashed up the car anyway]. /I was trying my best not to get involved in an automobile accident. 3. "To, in order to." Examples: ここから湖へ行くのに何時間ぐらいかかりますか。 Koko kara mizuumi e iku no ni nanjikan gurai kakarimasu ka. How long does it take to get from here to the lake? [Lit., In order to get from here to the lake, about how many hours will it take?] 漢字を覚えるのにいい方法を教えてください。 Kanji o oboeru no ni ii hōhō o oshiete kudasai. Please tell me a good way to learn kanji. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 宿 「11 Strokes」 「Shuku, Yado・Lodging, Inn・Yado(ru)・Take shelter; Be pregnant・Yado(su)・Give shelter, conceive (a child)」 宿の予約は休暇に間に合いますか？ Yado no yoyaku wa kyūka ni maniaimasu ka? Is the inn reservation made in time for vacation? Other uses for宿 宿屋「やどや」Yadoya・Inn 合宿「がっしゅく」Gasshuku・Lodging together 下宿「げしゅく」Geshuku・Room and board; boarding house 民宿「みんしゅく」Minshuku・Tourist home, bed-and-breakfast Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Vneg + nai de/zu ni ないで・ずに」 ”don't do～ and," "without doing" Vneg nai de/zu ni expresses non-performance of an action. The auxiliaries nai and zu are used for negation. The zu ni form for suru-verbs is sezu ni (not shizu ni). Examples: サムは学校へ行かないで/行かずうちにいました。 Samu wa gakkō e ikanai de/ ikazu uchi ni imashita Sam did not go to school and stayed home. 学生は時々教室の窓を閉めないで/閉めずに帰ります。 Gakusei wa tokidoki kyōshitsu no mado o shimenai de/ shimezu ni kaerimasu. Sometimes students go home without closing the windows of the classroom. ゆうべは勉強しないで/勉強せずに寝ました。 Yūbe wa benkyō shinai de/ benkyō sezu ni nemashita. Last night I didn't study and went to bed. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Tokoro de ところで」 NOTE: Tokoro de is always used after the -ta form of a verb. The tense of the verb, however, is not necessarily past tense, but is determined by the tense of the verb in the main clause. 1. Between contrasting clauses, emphasizes that an extent, number, or amount of something is less than expected: "even if, even though." NOTE: This usage is similar to -te mo, however, the emphasis is greater with tokoro de. Examples: 東京は雪が降ったところで、そんなに積もることはありません。 Tōkyō wa yuki ga futta tokoro de, sonna ni tsumoru koto wa arimasen. Even though it snows in Tokyo, it never snows that much [never gets that deep]. あの人ならいくら頑張ったところで、この程度の仕事しかできないでしょう。 Ano hito nara ikura ganbatta tokoro de, kono teido no shigoto shika dekinai deshō. Try as he might, this is about the best [level of work] he can do. 2. Indicates that the outcome of what is stated in the first clause will not be favorable: "even if, no matter how much." Examples: おまから急いで行ったところで、1時の新幹線には間に合いませんよ。 Ima kara isoide itta tokoro de, ichiji no shinkansen ni wa maniaimasen yo. No matter how much we hurry now, we're just not going to be on time for the one o'clock shinkansen. 高岡さんに頼んだところで、やってくれるはずがないでしょう。 Takaoka-san ni tanonda tokoro de, yatte kureru hazu ga nai deshō. Even if we asked Takaoka, there's little chance he would do it for us. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 宅 「6 Strokes」 「Taku・House, Home, Residence」 住宅はあなたが望むものであれば何でも構いません。 Jūtaku wa anata ga nozomu mono de areba nani demo kamaimasen. A home is whatever you want it to be. Other uses for宅 家宅「かたく」Kataku・House, the premesis 私宅「したく」Shitaku・One's private residence 宅地「たくち」Takuchi・Land for housing, residential site 自宅「じたく」Jitaku・One's own home, private residence Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai no/koto ないの・こと」 "not ~ ing," "not to ~," "that ~ not ~" Both no and koto are nominalizers which make a negative verb into a negative gerund, or a negative clause into a negative noun phase. Examples: 約束を破らないことは大切です。 Yakusoku o yaburanai koto wa taisetsu desu. Not breaking promises is important. 野菜を食べないのは体に悪い。 Yasai o tabenai no wa karada ni warui. It is bad for the health to not eat vegetables. 原さんがオリンピックに国を代表しないの・ことを知りませんでした。 Hara-san ga Orinpikku ni kuni o daihyō shinai no/koto o shirimasen deshita. I didn't know that Mr. Hara would not represent the country in the Olympics. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language
「Keredomo けれども」 NOTE: (1) More colloquial forms of keredomo are keredo, kedo, and kedomo. Keredomo in all its forms are used to lend a softer tone, and in its full form (not the alternative forms) tend to be preceded by desu and the -masu verb forms. (2) In each of the usages below, ga (#2, II-1, 2, 4, 5, 6) can replace keredomo and its more informal variations. 1. Used between two clauses when indicating that they are opposed in meaning: "but, although." Examples: 天気予報で今日は雨は降らないと言ったんですけれども、夕方から降ってきましたね。 Tenkeyohō de kyō wa ame wa furanai to itta-n desu keredomo, yūgata kara futte kimashita ne. They said on the weather report that it wouldn't rain today, but it began raining in the evening didn't it. 竹内さんに電話をかけたけれど留守でした。 Takeuchi-san ni denwa o kaketa keredo rusu deshita. I called Takeuchi, but she was out. 2. Used at the end of a sentence, implying something that qualifies what is actually stated: "well, yes, but..." NOTE: This usage is essentially the same as that in ex. 1, above, except that here the second clause isn't stated outright. (Words in brackets below show only one of various imaginable contexts.) Examples: たまには旅行にも行きたいと思っているんですけど… Tamani wa ryokō ni mo ikitai to omotte iru-n desu kedo… I'd really like to go on a trip once in a while ... [but I don't have the time]. 私はゴルフをしないわけではないんですけど... Watashi wa gorufu o shinai wake de wa nai-n desu kedo... It's not that I don't play golf ... [but I really don't like it that much]. 3. Indicates a preliminary remark. Examples: まだ発車まで１時間もありますけど、どうしましょうか。 Mada hassha made ichi-jikan mo arimasen kedo, dō shimashō ka. There's still an hour until [the train] departs, [so] what shall we do [in the meantime]? 谷ですけど、智子さんいらっしゃいますか。 Tani desu kedo, Tomoko-san irasshaimasu ka. This [my name is] is Tani. Is Tomoko there? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 When expressing negative past tense, the nai of the nai form is changed to nakatta and the masen of the masen form is changed to masen deshita. Examples: 木田さんは今日会社へ来ませんでした。 Kida-san wa kyō kaisha e kimasen deshita. Mr. Kida didn't come to the office today. 昨日デパートで買い物しなかった。 Kinō depāto de kaimono shinakatta. I didn't shop at the department store yesterday. ビルはゆうべのパーティーでベスと踊らなかった。 Biru wa yūbe no pātī de besu to odoranakatta. Bill didn't dance with Beth at last night's party. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 民 「5 Strokes」 「Min, Tami・People, Citizen, Nation」 真の市民を作るのは何ですか？ Shin no shimin o tsukuru no wa nani desu ka? What makes a true citizen? Other uses for民 民意「みんい」Min'i・Will of the people 民間「みんかん」Minkan・Private (not public) 人民「じんみん」Jinmin・The people, citizens 国民「こくみん」Kokumin・People, nation, citizen (原)住民「(げん)じゅうみん」(Gen)jūmin・(Aboriginal) native of a place じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg nai ni chigainai ないにちがいない」 ”Must not be" "There is no doubt that~not~" Examples: 小川さんは酒を飲まないにちがいない。 Ogawa-san wa sake o nomanai ni chigainai. There is no doubt that Mr. Ogawa does not drink sake. ブラウンさんはもう日本にいないにちがいありません。 Buraun-san wa mō Nihon ni inai ni chigai arimasen. Mr. Brown must not be in Japan any more. 木村さんは夜は運転しないにちがいありません。 Kimura-san wa yoru wa unten shinai ni chigai arimasen. There is no doubt that Miss Kimura doesn't drive at night. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj conj/Adj te + nakereba naranai ～く/でなければならない」 ”have to," "must" The phrase nakereba naranai when attached to the conjunctive ku form of an i-adjective, or to the te form of a na-adjective, indicating the state or condition expressed by the adjective is a necessity. Nakereba narimasen is the polite form. Examples: 子供の遊び場は広くなければなりません。 Kodomo no asobiba wa hiroku nakereba narimasen. The playground for children must be spacious. いい成績をとるためには学生は勤勉でなければならない。 Ii seiseki o toru tame ni wa gakusei wa kinben de nakereba naranai. In order to get good grades, students must be diligent. 字はきれいで読みやすくなければならない。 Ji wa kirei de yomiyasuku nakereba naranai. Handwriting must be neat and easy to read. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 質 「15 Strokes」 「Shitsu・Quality, Nature・Shichi, [Chi]・Hostage, Pawn」 あなたのお問い合わせの性質は何ですか？ Anata no o toiawase no seishitsu wa nani desu ka? What is the nature of your enquiry? Other uses for質 人質「ひとじち」Hitojichi・Hostage 質問「しつもん」Shitsumon・A question 性質「せいしつ」Seishitsu・Nature, property 本質「ほんしつ」Honshitsu・Essence, substance 物質「ぶっしつ」Busshitsu・Matter, material, substance Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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