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LANGUAGE AND history OF JAPAN
日本の言語と歴史

日本語のおしゃべり

31/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Sentence Structure」

De is the conjunctive form of the Japanese copula da or desu and is used when wanting to link two sentences. Its equivalent in English is and. 
NOTE: The tense of a sentence which ends with a noun followed by a copula is determined by the final form of a copula.

これはアパートで、それはホテルだ/です。
Kore wa apāto de, sore wa hoteru da/desu.
This is an apartment, and that is a hotel.


Examples:
このスカーフは絹で、そのスカーフはナイロンです。
​ Kono sukāfu wa kinu de, sono sukāfu wa nairon desu.
This scarf is silk, and that one is nylon.

かれはジャーナリストで、彼女は写真家だった。
Kare wa jānarisuto de, kanojo wa shashinka datta.
He was a journalist, and she was a photographer.

これが僕のレポートで、それは林さんのだ。
Kore ga boku no repōto de, sore wa Hayashi-san no da.
This is my report, and that is Mr. Hayashi's.

Hope this was helpful, and see you next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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漢字のフラッシュ

30/10/2017

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法
「8 Strokes」

「Hō, Ho’, Ha'・Law」

法律は、人々を有利にする者から守ることになっています。

Hōritsu wa, hitobito o yūri ni suru mono kara mamoru koto ni natte imasu.

「
The law is supposed to protect people from those who would take advantage.」

Other uses for 法
国法「こくほう」Kokuhō・Laws of the country
立法「りっぽう」Rippō・Enactment of legislation
法案「ほうあん」Hōan・Bill, legislative proposal
文法「ぶんぽう」Bunpō・Grammar
方法「ほうほう」Hōhō・Method

Hope this was helpful, and see you next time!

じゃまたね!

°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

30/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Adjectives and Adverbs」

「Adj pred + Ka・か」
"...?"

Adding the particle ka to the end of a sentence, turns it into a question.

「A」
おいしい/おいしかったか
Oishii/oishikatta ka
「Is/was...delicious?」

「B」
厳格*/厳格だったか
Genkaku*/genkaku datta ka
「Is/was...strict?」

Examples:
フランス料理はおいしかったですか。
Furansu ryōri wa oishikatta desu ka
Was the French meal delicious?

この川は深くないですか。
Kono kawa fukakunai desu ka.
Isn't this river deep?

あなたの学校の規則は厳格ですか。
Anata no gakkō no kisoku wa genkaku desu ka.
Are the regulations of your school strict?

And that is Adj pred + Ka, hope its helpful, and see you again soon!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

27/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Particles」

「Ni・に」
「Part 4」

「9」Ni can be used to indicate a condition already in existence (usually followed by natte iru and equivalent to the English "to be").

Examples:
この建物の右側が教室になっています。
Kono tatemono no migigawa ga kyōshitsu ni natte imasu.
The right side of this building is a classroom.

ホテルの前がビーチになっています。
Hoteru no mae ga bīchi ni natte imasu.
In front of the hotel is a beach.
「Lit., The front of the hotel is a beach.」

「10」Ni can be used to indicate the agent of a passive verb ( the person or thing performing the action): "by."

Examples:
電車の中で、するにお金を取らてた。
Densha no naka de, suru ni okane o torateta.
My money was taken by a pickpocket in the train.

家に帰る途中で雨に降られた。
Ie ni kaeru tochū de ame ni furareta.
On my way home I got rained on.
「Lit., I was fallen on by the rain.」

「11」Ni can indicate the person(s) made to do something in a causative sentence.

Examples:
先生は学生に漢字を書かせました。
Sensei wa gakusei ni kanji o kaka semashita.
The teacher had the students write kanji.

子供たちに本を読ませることはとても大切だ。
Kodomo-tachi ni hon o yomaseru koto wa totemo taisetsu da.
It is very important to have children read books.

Hope that was helpful, and hope to see you again next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

25/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Sentence Structure」

「A」​
ピクニックは楽しかった/楽しかったです。
Pikunikku wa tanoshi katta/tanoshi katta desu.
The picnic was fun.

「B」
宴会は豪華だった/豪華でした。
Enkai wa gōka datta/gōka deshita.
The banquet was gorgeous.

When using the past tense of an i-adjective, the final i is changed to katta, which can be followed by desu for the sake of politeness. When using the past tense form of a na-adjective, the copula da is changed to datta, and desu is changed to deshita,

Examples:
小包は重かったです。
Kozutsumi wa omokatta desu.
The package was heavy.

山道は狭かった。
Yamamichi wa semakatta.
The mountain road was narrow.

その町はにぎやかでした。
Sono machi wa nigkiyaka deshita.
This city was lively.

私の秘書は有能だった。
Watashi no hisho wa yūnō datta.
My secretary was competent.

Hope this was helpful, and see you next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

23/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Verbs」

「Vdic+Koto ni suruことにする」
”Decide to"

​The dictionary form verb of koto ni suru is used to express the speaker's decision to do something.

Examples:
来月京都に移ることにしました。
Raigetsu Kyōto ni utsuru koto ni shimashita.
I decided to move to Kyōto next month.

本箱はここに並べることにする。
Honbako wa koko ni naraberu koto ni suru.
I will put these bookcases side by side here.

毎朝散歩することにします。
Maiasa sanpo suru koto ni shimasu.
I'll make it a rule to take a walk every morning.

Hope this was helpful, and see you next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

19/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Adjectives and Adverbs」

「3」
「Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates」
「”Adj pred"」

In Japanese, when using adjectival predicates in the present, past or negative forms, they are combined with other elements such as auxiliaries, particles, or phrases to create various expressions.

「Adj pred + darō・だろう」
”Probably"

「A」
冷たい/冷たかっただろう
Tsumetai/Tsumetakatta darō
Is/was probably cold

「B」
適切*/適切だっただろう
Tekisetsu*/Tekisetsu datta darō
Is/Was probably appropriate
「*Da・だ is dropped」


Darō, the presumptive form of the copula (be-verb) da, is used as an auxiliary to indicate conjecture of the speaker. Deshō is the polite form of darō.

Examples:
海の水は冷たいだろう。
Umi no mizu wa tsumetai darō.
The ocean water is probably cold.

志賀高原は涼しかったでしょう。
Shiga Kōgen wa suzushikatta deshō.
The Shiga Highlands were probably cool.

医者の処置は適切だったでしょう。
Isha no shochi wa tekisetsu datta deshō。
The doctor's treatment was probably appropriate.

Hope this was helpful, and see you next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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漢字のフラッシュ

18/10/2017

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位
「7 Strokes」

「I, Kurai・Rank, Position」

あなたは今何位ですか?

Anata wa ima nan i desu ka.

What rank are you now?

Other uses for 位
地位「ちい」Chii・Rank, position
学位「がくい」Gakui・Academic degree
上位「じょうい」Jōi・Higher rank
本位「ほんい」Hon'i・Monetary standard; basis, principle
位取り「くらいどり」Kuraidori・Position (before/after decimal point)

Hope that was helpful, and hope to see you again next time!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

17/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Particles」

「Ni・に」
「Part 3」

「4」
Ni can be used to indicate movement from a larger to a smaller place (e.g. from a train platform, to a train, or from the lay world into a religious organization): "in, into."

「A」Indicates movement from a larger to smaller physical space.

Examples:
東京駅の前でバスに乗ってください。
Tōkyō Eki no mae de basu ni notte kudasai.
Please board the bus in front of Tokyo station.

オフィスに入ったら、タバコは吸わないでください。
Ofisu ni haittara, tabako wa suwanai de kudasai.
Please don't smoke after entering the office.
「Please don't smoke inside the office.」

「B」Indication of movement from larger to smaller abstract place.

Examples:
去年渡辺さんは歴史学会に入った。
Kyonen Watanabe-san wa rekishi-gakkai ni haitta.
Last year Watanabe joined a historical society.

あなたはぼくの夢の中に何度も出てきました。
Anata wa boku no yume no naka ni nando mo dete kimashita.
You have appeared in my dreams any number of times.

「5」
Ni can indicate movement to a place: "to.”

Examples:
アメリカに行きたい。
America ni ikitai.
I want to go to America.

ジョンさんは銀行に行きましたよ。
Jon-san wa ginkō ni ikimashita yo.
John went to the bank, you know.


「6」
Used to indicate the object of an action: "to."

「A」Used after a noun, the distinction between this usage and the previous example is that here the noun implies an action (e.g. going to the store, seeing a show).

Examples:
買い物に行きます。
Kaimono ni ikimasu.
I'm going shopping.

明日は歌舞伎に行くつもりです。
Ashita wa kabuki ni iku tsumori desu.
I plan to go [see] Kabuki tomorrow.

「B」Used after the base of a -masu verb.

Examples:
もうお昼ですから、食事をしにいきませんか。
Mō ohirudesukara, shokuji o shi ni ikimasen ka.
Since it's noon already, shall we go eat lunch?

木下さんは友達を迎えに成田まで出かけました。
Kinoshita-san wa tomodachi o mukae ni Narita made dekakemashita.
Kinoshita went out to Narita [Airport] to meet [pick up] a friend.

That finishes up part 3 of the ni particle, and hope to see you again soon!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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日本語のおしゃべり

16/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Sentence Structure」

講義は長くなかった/長くありませんでした。
Kōgi wa nagaku nakatta/ nagaku arimasen deshita.
The lecture was not long

あの人は正直ではなかった/正直ではありませんでした。
Ano hito wa shōjiki de wa nakatta/ shōjiki de wa arimasen deshita.
He wasn't honest

With the negative past tense in Japanese, the nai of the negative formof the i-adjective is changed to nakatta (desu is allowed in the case of politeness), or arimasen is changed to arimasen deshita. With na-adjectives, the negative copula de wa nai is changed to de wa nakatta, while de wa arimasen is changed to de wa arimasen deshita.


Examples:
自身は大きくなかった(です)。
Jishin wa ōkiku nakatta (desu).
The earthquake was not big.

試験はやさしくありませんでした。
Shiken wa yasashiku arimasen deshita.
The exam wasn't easy.

彼女​​のドレスは派手じゃなかった。
Kanojo no doresu wa hade ja nakatta.
Her dress wasn't showy.


彼らの生活はぜいたくではありませんでした。
Kare-ra no seikatsu wa zeitaku de wa arimasen deshita.
Their life wasn't luxurious.

Hope, that helps, and see you again soon!
​​
じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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日本語のおしゃべり

13/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Adjectives and Adverbs」

「N1 waは N2 gaが+Adj」
"As for noun 1, noun 2 is adjective"


(A)
長い/長かった
Nagai/Nagakatta
Is/was long

(B)
上手だ/上手だった
Jōzuda/ jōzudatta
Is/was skillful

In the construction of wa...ga, the topic is marked with wa, and the subject is marked with ga, which appears in the same sentence.

​Examples:
私の犬は耳が長い/長いです。
Watashi no inu wa mimi ga nagai/nagai desu.
My dog has long ears. (lit: As for my dog, his ears are long.)

春子さんはピアノが上手だった/上手でした。
Haruko-san wa piano ga Jōzu datta/Jōzu deshita.
Haruko was good at piano. (lit: As for Haruko, piano was her forte.)

トムは魚が好きではない/好きではありません。
Tomu wa sakana ga suki de wa nai/suki de wa arimasen.
Tom does not like fish. (lit: As for Tom, fish is not his favorite.)

私は新しい車が欲しい/欲しいです。
Watashi wa atarashii kuruma ga hoshii/hoshii desu.
I want a new car. (lit: As for me, a new car is desireable.)

私は彼の親切が嬉しかった/嬉しかったです。
Watashi wa kare no shinsetsu ga ureshikatta/ureshikatta desu.
I was pleased by his kindness. (lit: As for me, his kindness was pleasing.)

Hope it was helpful, and see you again soon!

じゃまったね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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漢字のフラッシュ

11/10/2017

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立
「5Strokes」

「Ritsu, (Ryu), Ta(tsu)・Stand (up)・Ta(teru)・Set up, Raise」

時には、あなた自身のために立ち上がる必要があります。

Tokiniha, anata jishin no tame ni tachiagaru hitsuyō ga arimasu.

「
Sometimes, you need to stand up for yourself.」

Other uses for立
国立「こくりつ」Kokuritsu・National,state supported
自立「じりつ」Jiritsu・Independent, self-supporting
中立「ちゅうりつ」Chūritsu・Neutral, neutrality
目立つ「めだつ」Medatsu・Be conspicuous, stick out
立ち上がる「たちあがる」Tachiagaru・Stand up

Hope that helps you out, see you again!

じゃまたね!

°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °




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日本語のおしゃべり

10/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Particles」

「に・Ni」

「3」Ni can indicate time: "at, on, in; every, per."
(A) indicates the specific time at which something takes place.

Examples:
会社は9時に始まります。
Kaisha wa kuji ni hajimarimasu.
Work begins at nine o'clock.

月曜日に大阪へ行きます。
Getsuyōbi ni Ōsaka e ikimasu.
I'm going to Osaka on Monday.

(B) Used to indicate the interval of time during which something takes place.

Examples:
1週間に1度テニスをします。
Isshūkan ni ichido tenisu o shimasu.
I play tennis once a week.

このバスは30分おきに来ます。
Kono basu wa sanjippun oki ni kimasu.
The bus comes every thirty minutes.

Hope that helps, and see you again soon, with part 3!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °


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漢字のフラッシュ

9/10/2017

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他

「5 Strokes」

「Ta, Hoka・Other, Another」

さまざまな量の塩を他の人があなたに伝えてください。

Samazamana ryō no shio o hoka no hito ga anata ni tsutaete kudasai.

「Take what others tell you with a varying amount of salt.」

Other uses for他
他人「たにん」Tanin・Another person, stranger
他国「たこく」Takoku・Another/foreign country
他方「たほう」Tahō・The other side/party/direction
自他「じた」Jita・Oneself and others
その他「そのた」Sono ta・And so forth

Hope that was helpful to you, and see you again soon!

じゃまたね!
°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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日本語のおしゃべり

4/10/2017

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Japanese Language
「Adjectives and Adverbs」

「N wa/ga は/が+Adj neg」
"Noun is not adjective"

高くない/高くなかった
takakunai/takakunakatta
(is/was not expensive)

きれいではない/きれいではなかった
kirei de wa nai/kirei de wa nakatta
(is/was not pretty)

When using the negative form of an i- or na-adjective as a predicate, it provides information about a noun, which can be considered either the topic or subject of the sentence.

Examples:
コンサートの切符は高くなかった/高くありませんでした。
Konsāto no kippu wa takakunakatta/takaku arimasen deshita.
The concert ticket was not expensive.

まだ公園の桜の花はきれいではない/きれいではありません。
ada kōen no sakura no hana wa kirei de wa nai/kirei de wa arimasen.

The cherry blossoms in the park are not pretty yet.

That is the next part of Japanese adjectives and adverbs, hope its helps, and see you again soon!

°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° ​こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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日本語のおしゃべり

3/10/2017

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Japanese language
「Particles」

「Ni・に」

「1」
Ni can be used to indicate where a person or thing is: "in, at, on."

「A」Indicates a concrete place

Examples:
山田先生は、今図書館にいらっしゃいます。
Yamada-sensei wa, ima tosho-kan ni irasshaimasu.
Professor Yamada is in the library now.

電話帳は机の上にあります。
Denwa=chō wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
The phone book is on the desk.

「B」Used to indicate an abstract place

Examples:
課長は今会議に出席しています。
Kachō wa ima kaigi ni shusseki shite imasu.
The section chief is now in conference.

彼は今でも演劇界に君臨しています。
Kare wa ima de mo engeki-kai ni kunrin shite imasu.
Even now he rules over the theatrical world.

「2」
Ni can be used to indicate the location of an action: in, at."

「A」Can be used with certain 'non action' verbs which are used to imply that the subject is permanently located in the place of the specified action.

Examples:
山田さんは現在四谷に住んでいます。
Yamada-san wa genzai Yotsuya ni sunde imasu.
Yamada lives in Yotsuya at present.

寺田さんは新宿の銀行に勤めています。
Terada-san wa Shinjuku no ginkō ni tsutomete imasu.

Terada works at a bank in Shinjuku.

NOTE: The verbs hataraku and shigoto o suru (to work) are preceeded by de.

「B」
Ni can be used with verbs which indicate that an action has taken (or is about to take) place and the resulting condition is (or will be) static. The last sentence exemplifies the parenthetical definition.

Examples:

あのいすに座って本を読んでいる人は、誰ですか。
Ano isu ni suwatte hon o yonde iru hito wa, dare desu ka.
Who is the person sitting in that chair and reading a book?

山の上に雪が積もっていますね。
Yama no ue ni yuki ga tsumotte imasu ne.
Snow is piled up on top of the mountain, isn't it. 
「There is snow on the mountaintop, isn't there.」

すみませんが、壁に掛かっている私のコートを取ってくれますか。
Sumimasen ga, kabe ni kakatte iru watashi no kōto o totte kuremasu ka.
Excuse me, but would you get my coat hanging on the wall?

新聞は机のうえに置いて下さい。
Shinbun wa tsukue no ue ni oite kudasai.
Please put the newspaper on the desk.

That is part one of the particle ni, hope it helped and see you again soon!

°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °



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    Author

    Koyuuki Aihara
    ​こゆうき あいはら

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