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Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai kawari ni・ない代わりに」 ”Instead of not doing~," "make up for not doing~" Vneg nai kawari ni expresses the thought that a certain action will not be carried out, and that instead another action will take place. Note, as in the first example below, a verb modifier (in this case the destination) is of crucial importance. Examples: カナダへ行かない代わりにハワイへ行く。 Kanada e ikanai kawari ni Hawai e iku. Instead of (not) going to Canada, I'll go to Hawaii. 阿部さんは肉を食べない代わりに野菜をたくさん食べます。 Abe-san wa niku o tabenai kawari ni yasai o takusan tabemasu. Miss Abe eats a lot of vegetables to make up for not eating meat. 今日仕事しない代わりに土曜日に仕事する。 Kyō shigoto shinai kawari ni doyōbi ni shigoto suru. I'll work on Saturday to make up for not working today. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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高 「10 Strokes」 「Kō, Taka(i)・High; Expensive・Taka・Amount, Quantity・Taka(maru)・Rise・Taka(meru)・Raise」 それはあまりにもあなたのために高価ですか。 Sore wa amarini mo anata no tame ni kōkadesu ka. Is that too expensive for you? Other uses for高 名高い「なだかい」Nadakai・Renowned, Famous 高原「こうげん」Kōgen・Plateau, Heights, Tableland 高校「こうこう」Kōkō・Senior high school (short for kōtō gakkō) 上高地「かみこうち」Kamikōchi・(Scenic valley in Japanese Alps) Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj tara～たら」 ”If" The tara form of an -i or na adjective is, compared to the ba form, a more colloquial way of expressing a condition. Examples: 参加者が少なかったらこのツアーはキャンセルされます。 Sankasha ga sukunakattara kono tsuā wa kyanseru saremasu. If the participants are few, this tour will be cancelled. おいしかったら食べますが、おいしくなかったら食べません。 Oishikattara tabemasu ga, oishikunakattara tabemasen. If it's delicious, I'll eat it, but if it's not, I won't. 一人で行くのが、心配だったら、私が一緒に行きますよ。 Hitori de iku no ga, shinpai dattara, watashi ga issho ni ikimasu yo. If you're uneasy about going alone, I'll go with you. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the verb shimasu ("finish," "put away"), expresses with emphasis the completion of an action and, in some cases, may imply a sense of regret for an action one has taken or an event that has occurred. Shimasu here is used as an auxiliary. Examples: 彼は一年でその小説を書いてしまった。 Kare wa ichi-nen de sono shōsetsu o kaite shimatta. He finished writing that novel in one year. 隆はクッキーをみんな食べてしまいました。 Takeshi wa kukkī o minna tabete shimaimashita. Takashi ate up all the cookies. すっかり宿題を忘れてしまった。 Sukkari shukudai o wasurete shimatta. I have completely forgotten (to do) my homework. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「-Tara・たら」 1. Indicates a supposition and result: "If...then." NOTE: This usage is similar to -ba although -tara sounds somewhat more gentle. Tara is likely to be used when the result is an intention, request (command), or question. Examples: その料理があまり辛かったら、私は食べないわ。 Sono ryōri ga amari tsurakattara, watashi wa tabenai wa. If that dish is too hot, I won't eat it. 彼に会ったら、よろしくと言って下さい。 Kare ni attara, yoroshiku to itte kudasai. If you see him, give him my regards (say hello). 山田さんの都合が悪かったら、誰にワープロをたのみましょうか。 Yamada-san no tsugō ga warukattara, dare ni wāpuro o tanomimashou ka. If Yamada is busy who shall we ask to do the word processing? 2. Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a proposal; used often by women: "how about, why not." Examples: もう遅いから、その仕事明日になさったら。 Mō osoi kara, sono shigoto ashita ni nasattara. It's late, so why not do that work tomorrow? それは小さいから、こちらの大きいのをお買いになったら。 Sore wa chīsaikara, kochira no ōkī no o okai ni nattara. That one is small, so why not buy this big one [instead]? 3. Used at the end of a sentence to indicate irritation or impatience, with a meaning something like: "I tell you, I'm telling you." NOTE: Whereas with the above usages -tara is added to a verb stem in the same way as past-tense ending -ta, in this usage -ttara is added to the -te and -nasai form of verbs. Examples: 早くしてったら..... Hayaku shite-ttara.... C'mon, get a move on. もう寝なさいったら..... Mō nenasai-ttara..... Go to bed, I say [I'm telling you]! 4. Indicates an action which is followed by something being learned: "when." NOTE: To is similar to -tara in this usage. Examples: 友達の家へ行ったら、彼は留守だった。 Tomodachi no ie e ittara, kare wa rusu datta. When I went to my friend's house, [I found that] he was out. [I went to my friend's home, but he was out.] ホテルに電話をしたら、部屋はいっぱいだった。 Hoteru ni denwa o shitara, heya wa ippai datta. When I called the hotel, [I found that] all the rooms were full. [I called the hotel, but all the rooms were taken.] 5. Indicates that one action follows immediately upon another: "when, as soon as." Examples: 私が声をかけたら来て下さい。 Watashi ga koe o kaketara kite kudasai. Please come [right away] when I call you. この仕事が終わったら、そちらへ行きます。 Kono shigoto ga owattara, sochira e ikimasu. I'll be there as soon as this work is done [as soon as I am finished here]. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 京 「8 Strokes」 「Kyō, Kei・The capital」 東京に行ったことがありますか？ Tōkyō ni itta koto ga arimasu ka? Have you been to the city of Tokyo? Other uses for京 南京「なんきん」Nankin・Nanking 北京「ぺきん」Pekin・Peking, Beijing 京都市「きょうとし」Kyōto-shi・City of Kyōto 上京「じょうきょう」Jōkyō・Go/come to Tōkyō Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj cond + koso ～ばこそ」 "because," "only because" The conditional form of an i- or a na-adjective (the ba form) plus koso puts emphasis on a reason or cause. Examples: 楽しければこそ祖父は毎日庭で働きます。 Tanoshikereba koso sofu wa mainichi niwa de hatarakimasu. Because it's enjoyable, my grandfather works in the yard everyday. 野田さんは大胆なら/大胆であればこそひとりで登山します。 Noda-san wa daitan nara/daitan de areba koso hitori de tozan shimasu. Only because he is bold, Mr. Noda climbs mountains alone. 好きなら/好きであればこそ下手でもゴルフがやめられない。 Suki nara/suki de areba koso heta demo gorufu ga yamerarenai. Because I love golf, I can't give it up, even though I am poor at it. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 都 「10 Strokes」 「To, Tsu, Miyako・Capital (city)」 大都市に住むことはストレスがかかることがあります。 Daitoshi ni sumu koto wa sutoresu ga kakaru koto ga arimasu. Living in a large city can be stressful. Other uses for 都 都会「とかい」Tokai・City 首都「しゅと」Shuto・Capital (city) 都内「とない」Tonai・In (the city of) Tōkyō 都合「つごう」Tsugō・Circumstances, reasons Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the verb oku or okimasu ("put"), expresses an action done deliberately for a future convenience. Here oku or okimasu is used as an auxiliary and is conventionally written in hiragana not kanji. The phrase no tame ni-consisting of the particle no, the noun tame ("benefit"), and the particle ni-indicates the beneficiary of an action and means "for" or "for the benefit of." Examples: 前もって品物の値段を調べておきます。 Mae motte shinamono no nedan o shirabete okimasu. I'll check the price of the article beforehand. レストランのテーブルを予約しておきましたよ。 Resutoran no tēburu o yoyaku shite okimashita yo. I reserved a table (for us) at the restaurant. 彼はアメリカの友達のために日本の切手を集めておいた。 Kare wa Amerika no tomodachi no tame ni Nihon no kitte o atsumete oita. He collected Japanese stamps for his friend in America. Hope this helps. じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Ba・ば」 「Part 2」 4. Idiomatic usages of the -ba conditional. a) ...ieba: "...stated." 簡単に言えば、それは無理だということでしょう。 Kantan ni ieba, sore wa muri da to iu koto deshō. Simply stated, that means it is impossible. [Lit., If we state it simply...] b) Dekireba: "If possible (lit., if it can be done). できれば明後日の方が私は都合がいいんですが..... Dekireba myōgonichi no kata ga watashi wa tsugō ga ii-n desu ga..... If possible, the day after tomorrow would be better for me. *5 Used to connect two similar events or states: "and." Examples: 今日は、天気もよければ風もないで、お花見には最適です。 Kyō wa, tenki mo yokereba kaze mo nai de, o hanami ni wa saiteki desu. Today is perfect for flower viewing: the weather is nice and there's no wind. 戦後は米もなければ野菜もなえで、たいへんでしたよ。 Sengo wa kome mo nakereba yasai mo nae de, taihen deshita yo. After the war there was no rice and there were no vegetables; [things] were very difficult. 6. In the form V-ba ii : "one ought to do, one need only do." Examples: 本を借りるには、ここに名前を書けばいいんです。 Hon o kariru ni wa, koko ni namae o kakeba ii-n desu. To borrow a book, you need only write your name here. たしかに宿題を忘れたのは君の責任ですが、先生にあやまりさえすればいいんです。 Tashikani shukudai o wasureta no wa kimi no sekinin desu ga, sensei ni ayamari sae sureba ii-n desu. While it was certainly your fault that you forgot the homework, all you have to do is apologize to the teacher. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai hō ga ii ないほうがいい」 "be better not to do~." "had better not do." Vneg nai hō ga ii expresses advice to not do something. Hō is a pseudo noun. Desu may be added to the adjective ii to make the speech polite. Examples: この事はだれにも話さないほうがいい(です)。 Kono koto wa dare ni mo hanasanai hō ga ii (desu). As for this matter, it is better not to tell anyone パーティーで飲みすぎないほうがいい(です)よ。 Pātī de nomi suginai hō ga ii (desu) yo. You had better not drink too much at the party. あの会社と契約しないほうはいい(です)。 Ano kaisha to keiyaku shinai hō ga ii (desu). It is better not to contract with that company. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj cond~hodo/dake～ば～ほど/だけ」 "the more~, the more~" The conditional form of an i- or a na-adjective (the ba form) plus the same adjective in the prenominal form, followed by hodo/dake, expresses a proportional relationship between two states or between a state and an action. Examples: 説明は詳しければ詳しいほど分かりやすいです。 Setsumei wa kuwashikereba kuwashii hodo wakari yasui desu. The more detailed the explanation is, the easier it is to understand. 果物は新鮮なら新鮮なだけおいしいです。 Kudamono wa shinsen nara shinsenna dake oishii desu. The fresher the fruit, the more delicious. 品物は安ければ安いほどよくうれる。 Shinamono wa yasukereba yasui hodo yoku ureru. The cheaper the articles are, the better they sell. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 術 「11 Strokes」 「Jutsu・Art, Technique, Means, Conjury」 あなたは戦争の芸術をどのように取っていますか？ Anata wa sensō no geijutsu o dono yō ni totte imasu ka? What is your take on the art of war? Other uses for術 学術「がくじゅつ」Gakujutsu・Science, learning 手術「しゅじゅつ」Shujutsu・(Surgical) operation 手術室「しゅじゅつしつ」Shujutsushitsu・Operating room 学術用語「がくじゅつようご」Gakujutsu yōgo・Technical term Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai uchi ni ないうちに」 "before something takes place" Vneg nai uchi ni expresses a temporal limit for a negative action or event. The tense of the sentence is determined by the verb in the main clause. Examples: 雨が降らないうちに帰りましょう。 Ame ga furanai uchi ni kaerimashō. Let's go home before it rains. 子供が起きないうちに朝ご飯を食べました。 Kodomo ga okinai uchi ni asagohan o tabemashita. I ate breakfast before my child got up. 材料が不足しないうちに注文しました。 Zairyō ga fusoku shinai uchi ni chūmon shimashita. We ordered before we were short of the materials. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Ba・ば」 「Part 1」 1. Indicates a supposition and result: "if...when." NOTE: Tara has similar usage. Examples: 明日天気がよければ、ドライブに行きましょう。 Ashita tenki ga yokereba, doraibu ni ikimashō. If the weather is nice tomorrow, let's go for a drive. お金があれば、大きい家が解体ですね。 Okane ga areba, ōkii ie ga kaitai desu ne. If I had the money, I'd like to buy a big house. 2. Indicates that the clause after -ba is the result of the clause before it. NOTE: To can also be used. Examples: 六甲さんに登れば、神戸の街がきれいに見えますよ。 Rokkō-san ni noboreba, Kōbe no machi ga kirei ni miemasu yo. If you climb Mt. Rokko, you can get a good view of the city of Kobe. よく練習すれば、このピアノ曲が弾けるようになります。 Yoku renshū sureba, kono piano kyoku ga hajikeru yō ni narimasu. If you practice hard, you'll be able to place this piano piece. 3. Used to introduce a clause: "if" (but not a cause-effect relationship). Examples: よろしければ、お菓子を召し上がってください。 Yoroshikereba, okashi o meshiagatte kudasai. If you would like, please have some of the sweets. 考えてみれば、よくこんなに会社が大きくなったものだ。 Kangaete mireba, yoku konna ni kaisha ga ōkiku natta mono da. If you think about it, it is remarkable that the company has gotten this big. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, when followed by the verb aru or arimasu ("exist "), expresses a state of being that is the result of a previous, deliberate action. Only transative verbs can be used with this pattern, and the subject of the sentence must be inanimate. Examples: 壁にポスターが張ってある。 Kabe ni posutā ga hatte aru. Posters have been put on the wall. この部屋は掃除してあります。 Kono heya wa sōji shite arimasu. This room has been cleaned. このコップは洗ってあります。 Kono koppu wa aratte arimasu. These cups have been washed. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「7: The conditional (Adj cond) and Tara (Adj tara) Forms」 For i-adjectives (including auxiliaries and the negative nai), the conditional form is obtained by adding kereba to the stem, and for na-adjectives, by adding nara(ba) or de naraba to the stem. The tara form, which is a more colloquial conditional form, is obtained by adding kattara to the stem of an i-adjective and dattara to the stem of a na-adjective. 「Adj cond~ば」 "If" The conditional form of an i-adjective (the ba form) is used as a conjunction to express a condition. Nara used with a na-adjective is the simplified form of naraba, which is the conditional form of the copula da. (Ba is usually optional after nara.) The main clause may express the speaker's volition, hope, suggestion or command. Examples: 寒ければ窓を閉めてください。 Samukereba mado o shimete kudasai. If it's cold, please close the window. この本を/が読みたけらば貸してあげます。 Kono hon o/ga yomitakereba kashite agemasu. If you want to read this book, I'll lend it to you. 店員が親切なら/親切であれば、店はよくはやいます。 Ten'in ga shinsetsu nara/shinsetsu de areba, mise wa yoku hayaimasu. If the salespeople are kind, the store becomes popular. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai koto ni naru ないことになる」 "It will be decided that~won't~" Vneg nai koto ni naru expresses a negative decision made by others, rather than the speaker. Examples: 私達はその旅館で泊まらないことになるだろう。 Watashi-tachi wa sono ryokan de tomaranai koto ni naru darō. It will probably be decided that we won't stay overnight at that Japanese inn. 木田さんは会社を辞めないことになりました。 Kita-san wa kaisha o yamenai koto ni narimashita. It has been decided that Miss Kida won't quit the company. 悪天候のため船は出向しないことになりました。 Akutenkō no tame fune wa shukkō shinai koto ni narimashita. It has been decided that the ship won't sail due to bad weather. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 街 「12 Strokes」 「Gai, [Kai], Machi・Street」 あなたの家がある街路ですか？ Anata no ie ga aru gairo desu ka? Is this the street where your house is? Other uses for街 街道「かいどう」Kaidō・Street, Highway 市街「しがい」Shigai・The streets (of a city); Town 地下街「ちかがい」Chikagai・Underground shopping mall 名店街「めいてんがい」Meitengai・Arcade of well-known stores Hope this helps! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te iru form can also express matter-of-factly a state of being that is the result of a previous action. Examples: あそこにバスが止まっている Asoko ni basu ga tomatte iru. The bus is stopped over there. (Previous action: "stop," "come to a stop") 久保さんは茶色の背広を着ています。 Kubo-san wa chairo no sebiro o kite imasu. Mr. Kubo is wearing a brown suit. (Previous action: "put on") 山田さんは着ていますが、佐伯さんはまだ来ていません。 Yamada-san wa kite imasu ga, Saeki-san wa mada kite imasen. Mr. Yamada has come, but Mr. Saeki hasn't come yet. Hope this helps °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Tokoro ga」 NOTE: Tokoro ga is always used after the -ta form of a verb. The tense of this verb, however, is not necessarily past, but is determined by the tense of the verb in the main clause. 1. Used between two clauses indicating that they are opposed in meaning: the result is often unexpected (a. bad result; b. good result): "but, although, when." a.)Indicating a bad result. 銀行へ言ったところが、もう閉まっていた。 Ginkō e itta tokoro ga, mō shimatte ita. I went to the bank, but it was already closed. [When I got to the bank, it was already closed.] あの人に会いに言ったところが、会議中で会えなかった。 Ano hito ni ai ni itta tokoro ga, kaigi-chū de aenakatta. I went to see her, but I couldn't because she was in a meeting. b.) Indicating a positive result. K大学には合格できないと思っていたところが、合格通知が来た。 K daigaku ni wa gōkaku dekinai to omotte ita tokoro ga, gōkaku tsūchi ga kita. Although I thought I wouldn't pass [the entrance exam to] K University, I received a notice that I had. あまり期待していなかったところが、そのコンサートはすばらしかった。 Amari kitai shite inakatta tokoro ga, sono konsāto wa subarashikatta. Although I hadn't really been expecting much, the concert was fabulous. Hope this helps! °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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