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Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「A」試験は難しかったり、やさしかったりする/します。 Shiken wa muzukashikattari suru/shimasu. Exams are sometimes difficult and sometimes easy. 「B」この通りは静かだったり、にぎやかだったりする/します。 Kono tōri wa shizuka dattari, nigiyaka dattari suru/ shimasu. The street is sometimes quiet and sometimes lively. The repeated use of the tari form of an i- or na-adjective, followed by the verb suru is used to express alternative states in no particular order. It shares definition with the english "sometimes ... and sometimes ,,,". To obtain the tari form, add kattari to the stem of an i-adjective, or dattari to the stem of a na-adjective. Examples: このレストランのステーキは柔らかかったり、難かったりする。 Kono resutoran no sutēki wa yawarakakattari, nikukattari suru. Steaks at this restaurant are sometimes tender and sometimes tough. 彼の態度は慎重だったり、大胆だったりします。 Kare no taido wa shinchō dattari, daitan dattari shimasu. His attitude is sometimes careful, and sometimes bold. Hope this helps you on your way to understanding more of the Japanese language. じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + keredomoけれども」 ”Although" 「A」難しい/難しかったけれども Muzukashii/muzukashikatta keredomo. 「Although....is/was difficult.」 「B」必要だ/必要だったけれども。 Hitsuyō da/ hitsuyō datta keredomo. 「Although....is/was necessary.」 The particle keredomo is like ga, in which it is used as a conjunction which combines two sentences to express contrastive ideas. Examples: この仕事は難しいけれども面白いです。 Kono shigoto wa muzukashii keredomo omoshiroi desu. Although this work is difficult, it is interesting. 新しいコンピューターが必要だけれども今は買えない。 Atarashī konpyūtā ga hitsuyō da keredomo ima wa kaenai. Although I need a new computer, I can't buy one now. 彼はゴルフが上手じゃなかったけれどもすきでした。 Kare wa gorufu ga jōzu ja nakatta keredomo suki deshita. Although he wasn't good at golf, he liked it. Hope that is helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 林 「8 Strokes」 「Rin, Hayashi ・Woods, Forest」 あなたは林を楽しんでいますか。 Anata wa hayashi o tanoshin de imasu ka? 「Do you enjoy the forest?」 Other uses for 林 山林「さんりん」Sanrin・Mountains and forests; Mountain forest （山）林学「(さん) りんがく」（San)ringaku・Forestry 林立「りんりつ」Rinritsu・Stand close together in large numbers 小林「こばやし」Kobayashi・Surname 林「はやし」Hayashi・Surname Hope that helps! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred+ gaが」 ”But" 「A」 安い/安いかったが Yasui/Yasui katta ga Is/was inexpensive, but... 「B」 上手だ/上手だったが Jōzu da/Jōzu datta ga Is/was good at (something, but... The particle ga is used as a conjunction in order to combine two sentences that express contrasting ideas. Examples: このコートは安いが質が悪い。 Kono kōto wa yasui ga shitsu ga warui. This coat is inexpensive, but its quality is bad. 私のアパートは広くなかったが快適でした。 Watashi no apāto wa hirokunakatta ga kaiteki deshita. My apartment wasn't spacious, but it was comfortable. 姉は料理が上手ですが私は下手です。 Ane wa ryōri ga jōzu desu ga watashi wa heta desu. My older sister is good at cooking, whereas I am poor at it. Hope this was helpful! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 うさぎは目があかい/あかいです。 Usagi wa me ga akai/akai desu. Rabbits have red eyes. With the sentence above, the noun marked by the particle wa is the topic, and the noun marked by the particle ga is the subject. The adjective at the end is used as a predicate and, together with the subject, expresses something about the topic's attributes or state of being. Examples: この車はエンジンがいい。 Kono kuruma wa enjin ga ii. This car has a good engine. 私は頭が痛いです。 Watashi wa atama ga itai desu. I have a headache. その半島は気候が温暖です。 Sono hantō wa kikō ga ondan desu. That peninsula has a mild climate. かれの小説は筋が複雑だ。 Kare no shōsetsu wa suji ga fukuzatsu da His novels have complex plots. Hope this was helpful! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 公 「4 strokes」 「Kō, Ōyake・Public, Official」 公の愛情は誰のためでもない。 Kō no aijō wa dare no tame demo nai. 「Public affection is not for everyone.」 Other uses for 公 公安「こうあん」Kōan・Public security/safety 公法「こうほう」kōhō・Public law 公立「こうりつ」Kōritsu・Public 後悔「こうかい」Kōkai・International waters 公言「こうげん」Kōgen・Public declaration/avowal Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「 Verbs」 「Vdic+tokoro da・ところだ」 ”Be just about to." Tokoro da is used to express an action which is about to take place. In this usage, tokoro means "state" or "time." Examples: 車は角を曲がるところです。 Kuruma wa kado o magaru tokoro desu. The car is just about to turn the corner. 明は今寝るところだ。 Akira wa ima neru tokoro da. Akira is just about to go to bed now. 電車は出発するところです。 Densha wa shuppatsu suru tokoro desu. The train is just about to depart. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「E・へ」 NOTE: In both examples below, ni can be used in replacement of e, the exception is when e is followed by no (specifically with the last sentence of example 2.) 「１」E can be used to indicate a direction, or a goal, also used to indicate a direction toward which one is moving,or at which one has arrived: "to." Examples: いつ京都へ行きますか。 Itsu Kyōto e ikimasu ka. When are you going to Kyoto? 谷口さんは昨日アメリカへ出発しました。 Taniguchi-san wa kinō Amerika e shuppatsu shimashita. Taniguchi left for the United States yesterday. この飛行機は、６時に成田空港へ到着しました。 Kono hikō-ki wa, rokuji ni Narita kūkō e tōchaku shimashita. The airplane arrived at Narita Airport at six o'clock. 「２」E can be used to indicate the recipient of an action (in English, equivalent to the indirect object): "to." Examples: 外国にいる友達へ手紙を書いた。 Gaikoku ni iru tomodachi e tegami o kaita. I wrote a letter to a friend abroad. 夕方川田さんへ電話をかけたが、いなかった。 Yūgata Kawada-san e denwa o kaketa ga, inakatta. I telephoned Kawada in the evening, but he wasn't there. 川田さんへの電話があったのは何時でしたか。 Kawada-san e no denwa ga atta no wa nanji deshita ka. What time did that phone call come for Kawada? Hope this was helpful, and see you next time, when we will cover the particle kara・から! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Fruit 「くだもの・Kudamono」 「Kooh-dah-moh-noh」 果物 何くだものがすきですか。 Nani kudamono ga suki desu ka. 「What kind of fruit do you like?」 Hope this was helpful! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The particle shi is used as a conjunction, which links two or more states expressed by i- or na-adjectival predicates. The meaning is, "and moreover." 「A」このステーキはおいしいし、安い/安いです。 Kono sutēki wa oishī shi, yasui/ yasui desu. This steak is delicious and, what's more, it's inexpensive. 「B」部屋は清潔だし、明るい/明るいです。 Heya wa seiketsu da shi, akarui/akarui desu. The room is clean and, what's more, it's sunny. Examples: その映画は面白いし、教育的です。 Sono eiga wa omoshiroi shi, kyōikuteki desu. This movie is interesting and, what's more, it's educational. この器具は便利だし、かるい。 Kono kigu ha benri da shi, karui. This tool is convenient, and it's light. 彼は有能だったし、賢明だった。 Kare wa yūnō datta shi, kenmei datta. He was competent, and he was also wise. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 私 「７Strokes」 「Shi, Watakushi, Watashi・I; Private」 私は日本とその文化を楽しむ。 Watashi wa Nihon to sono bunka o tanoshimu. 「I enjoy Japan, and its culture.」 Other uses for私 私事「しじ」Shiji・Personal affairs 私物「しぶつ」Shibutsu・Private property 私用「しよう」Shiyō・Private use 私立「しりつ」Shiritsu・Private, privately supported 私自身「わたくしじしん」Watakushi jishin・Personally, as for me Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred+yoよ」 ”I tell you" The particle yo at the end of a sentence indicates strong conviction on the part of the speaker. 面白い/面白いかったよ Omoshiroi/Omoshiroi katta yo Is/was interesting, I tell you. 便利だ/便利だったよ Benri da/benri datta yo Is/was convenient, I tell you Examples: ゆうべの映画は面白いかったよ。 Yūbe no eiga wa omoshiroi katta yo. Last night's movie was interesting, I tell you. この道具はとても便利ですよ。 Kono dōgu wa totemo benri desu yo. This tool is very convenient, I tell you. あの画家は有名じゃなかったですよ。 Ano gaka wa yūmei ja nakatta desu yo. That painter wasn't famous, I tell you. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまったね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te (or de) form of an i- or a na-adjective, obtained by replacing the nai of the negative form of an i-adjective with te, or, with na-adjectives, by adding de to the stem is used to link adjectives or sentences, and it means "and." NOTE: The tense of a sentence ending with an adjective is determined by the final form of the adjective or, in the case of na-adjectives, by the final form of the copula. このコートは柔らかくて軽い/軽いです。 Kono kōto wa yawarakakute karui/karui desu. This coat is soft and light. 店員は親切で丁寧だ/丁寧です。 Ten'in wa shinsetsu de teinei da/teinei desu. The clerk is kind and polite. Examples: 新しい秘書は若くて優しいです。 Atarashii hisho wa wakakute yasashii desu. The new secretary is young and kind. 風が強くて、波は高かった。 Kaze ga tsuyokute, nami wa takakatta. The wind was strong and the waves were high. この建物はモダンで立派だ。 Kono tatemono wa modan de rippa da. This structure is modern and magnificent. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + neね」 ”....Isn't it/he?" ".....Is it/he?" 甘い/甘かったね amai/amakatta ne Is/was sweet, isn't/wasn't it? 元気だ/元気だったね genki da/genki datta ne Is/was healthy, isn't/wasn't he? The particle ne at the end of a sentence is used to indicate the speaker's intent for confirmation. Examples: このオレンジは甘いね。 Kono orenji wa amai ne. These oranges are sweet, aren't they? あのレストランのハンバーガーはおいしくなかったですね。 Ano resutoran no hanbāgā wa oishikunakatta desu ne. The hamburger at that restaurant wasn't good, was it? 明はいつも元気だね。 Akira wa itsumo genki da ne. Akira is always in good spirits, isn't he? Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 和 「８Strokes」 「WA, O・Peace, Harmony, (short for) Japanese・Yawa[rageru/ragu], nago[mu[・Soften, Calm down・Nago[yaka]・Mild, Gentle, Congenial」 大和は一部の人にとって理想的な表現です。 Yamato wa ichibu no hito ni totte risō-tekina hyōgen desu. 「Old Japan is an idealized representation to some people.」 Other uses for 和 和文「わぶん」Wabun・Japanese script 和風「わふう」Wafū・Japanese style 不和「ふわ」Fuwa・Disharmony, discord, enmity Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Ni・に」 「Part 5」 「12」 Ni can be used to indicate the agent of a causative-passive verb (the person or thing performing the action): "by." Examples: 学生は先生に漢字を書かされました。 Gakusei wa sensei ni kanji o kakasaremashita. The students were made to write kanji by the teacher. 私は子供のとき、母に嫌いなな物も食べさせられました。 Watashi wa kodomo no toki, haha ni kirai na mono mo tabesaseraremashita. When I was a child, I was made to eat even things I disliked by my mother. 「 My mother made me eat food I didn't like.」 「13」 Ni can be used to join nouns (usually three or more): "and." NOTE: This usage of ni is an equivalent of to, but is more commonly found in writing, rather than speech. Examples: その会議に出席した人は、中国人に、近国人に、日本人だった。 Sono kaigi ni shusseki shita hito wa, chūgoku-jin ni, kankoku-jin ni, nihon-jin datta. The people attending the conference were Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. パーティーの飲み物は、日本酒に、ウイスキーに、ワインでした。 Pātī no nomimono wa, nihon-shu ni, uisukī ni, wain deshita. The drinks [available] at the party were sake, whiskey, and wine. 「14」 Ni can indicate a pair of people or things that are commonly mentioned together: ”and." Examples: ロメオにジュリエット。 Romeo ni Jurietto. Romeo and Juliet. 富士山に芸者。 Fuji-san ni geisha. Mt. Fuji and geisha. [a hackneyed phrase in reference to Japan] 「15」 Ni can also indicate the basis on which, or means by which, an action takes place (commonly used with the verbs motozuku (to be based on) and yoru (owing to) Examples: あの映画は有名な小説に基づいて作られました。 Ano eiga wa yūmei na shōsetsu ni motodzuite tsukuraremashita. The movie was [made] based on a famous novel. テレビの普及によって、外国の様子がよくわかるようになった。 Terebi no fukyū ni yotte, gaikoku no yōsu ga yoku wakaru yō ni natta. Thanks to the spread [owing to the spread] of television, we [now[ have a better understanding of conditions in foreign countries. This post finishes the particle ni, hope it was helpful, and see you again for the particle e・へ. じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+koto ni naru ことになる」 ”It will be decided that~" Vdic koto ni naru is used to express a decision made by others, rather than the speaker. Examples: もっと先生を雇うことになるだろう。 Motto sensei o yatou koto ni naru darō. It will be decided that they will hire more teachers. 佐川さんは支店に勤めることになりません。 Sagawa-san wa shiten ni tsutomeru koto ni narimasen. It will be decided that Mr. Sagawa will work at a branch office. 本田さんが討論会に参加することになりました。 Honda-san ga tōronkai ni sanka suru koto ni narimashita. It has been decided that Miss Honda will participate in the debate. Hope this was helpful, and see you next time! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
AuthorKoyuuki Aihara Archives
May 2020
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