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Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「９」 「Noun Forms」 An adjective may be used as a noun by adding the suffix sa to the stem. The suffix mi may also be used with a limited number of i-adjectives. 「Adj stem ＋sa・さ」 The suffix sa added to the stem of an i- or na-adjective turns the adjective into a noun that expresses degree. Examples: 壁の白さが部屋を明るくした。 Kabe no shirosa ga heya o akaruku shita. The whiteness of the walls brightened the room. この池の深さはどのぐらいですか。 Kono ike no fukasa wa dono gurai desu ka. What is the approximate depth of this pond? 彼の態度の立派さに感心した。 Kare no taido no rippasa ni kanshin shita. I was impressed by his fine attitude. 「Lit., The fineness of his attitude.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai yō ni・ないように」 ”In order not to," "so that ~ not." Vneg nai yō ni expresses by means of a negative verb a reason or motive for doing something. Examples: かぜを引かないようにセーターを着る。 Kaze o hikanai yō ni sētā o kiru. I wear a sweater in order not to catch cold. 飲みすぎないように気をつけます。 Nomisuginai yō ni ki o tsukemasu. I'll be careful not to drink too much. 落第しないようにしっかり勉強しなさい。 Rakudai shinai yō ni shikkari benkyō shinasai. Study hard so that you won't fail the examination. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the verb kuru or kimasu ("come"), expresses an action that moves toward the location of the speaker, or proceeds up to a current point in time. Here kuru or kimasu is used as an auxiliary and by convention is written in hiragana, not kanji. Examples: 小鳥が時々窓から部屋に入ってくる。 Kotori ga tokidoki mado kara heya ni haitte kuru. A little bird sometimes comes into the room through the window. 課長は最近太ってきました。 Kachō wa saikin futotte kimashita. The section chief has started to gain weight recently. 先月から売り上げが減ってきた。 Sengetsu kara uriage ga hette kita. Sales have declined since last month. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 州 「6 Strokes」 「Shū・State, Province・Su・Sandbank, Shoals」 あなたはテキサス州に住んでいるのが好きですか。 Anata wa Tekisasu-shū ni sunde iru no ga suki desu ka. Do you like living in the state of Texas? Other uses for 州 本州「ほんしゅう」Honshū・（Largest of the 4 main islands of Japan） 九州「きゅうしゅう」Kyūshū・（One of the 4 main islands of Japan） 五大州「ごだいしゅう」Godaishū・The 5 continents of Earth 中州「なかす」Nakasu・Sandbank in a river Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Mono O・ものを」 Usually used at the end of a sentence, indicating resentment or complaint. Examples: お知らせ下されば、病院へお見舞いに参りましたものを・・・ Oshirase kudasareba, byōin e omimai ni mairimashita mono o.... If only you had told me, I would have come to see you at the hospital. 私にできることでしたら、お手伝いしましたものを・・・・ Watashi ni dekiru koto deshitara, otetsudai shimashita mono o.... If there had been something I could have done, I would have helped out. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj tari + (Adj) nakattari suru ～たり～なかったりする」 "Sometimes∼and sometimes not∼" The use of the tari form of an i- or na-adjective followed by the negative form of the same adjective, plus the verb suru, indicates that a pair of opposite states are at work. Examples: このレポートのデータは正しかったり（正しく）なかったりする。 Kono repōto no dēta wa tadashikattari (tadashiku) nakattari suru. The data in this report is sometimes correct and sometimes not (correct). 今年の春は暖かった理（暖かく）なかったりした。 Kotoshi no haru wa atatakakattari (atatakaku) nakattari shita. This past spring was at times warm and at times not (warm). 彼の仕事に対する態度は積極的だったり（積極的で）なかったりします。 Kare no shigoto ni taisuru taido wa sekikyokuteki dattari (sekikyokuteki de) nakattari shimasu. His attitude toward his work is sometimes positive and sometimes not (positive). Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 県 「9 Strokes」 「Ken・Prefecture, Province」 この都市にはいくつの郡県がありますか。 Kono toshi ni wa ikutsu no gunken ga arimasu ka. How many counties are in this city? Other uses for 県 県道「けんどう」Kendō・Prefectural Highway 県会「けんかい」Kenkai・Prefectural Assembly 県立「けんりつ」Kenritsu・Prefectural, Provincial 山口県「やまぐちけん」Yamaguchi-ken・Yamaguchi Prefecture Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the verb iku or ikimasu ("go"), expresses an action that moves away from the location of the speaker, or moves into the future. Here iku or ikimasu is used as an auxiliary and by convention is written in hiragana rather than kanji. Examples: 彼は急に部屋を出ていった。 Kare wa kyū ni heya o dete itta. He left the room suddenly. 「Viewpoint: The speaker is or was in the room when the person left, thus the direction of their leaving is or was away from the speaker.」 毎年、ジャネットさんはクリスマスに国へ帰っていきます。 Mainen, Janetto-san wa kurisumasu ni kuni e kaette ikimasu. Every year Janet returns to her (home) country for Christmas. 「Viewpoint: The speaker no doubt remains in the country from which Janet leaves, and that country is probably their home country.」 この町の人口はだんだん増えていく。 Kono machi no jinkō wa dandan fuete iku. This city's population will gradually increase. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai (no) nara ない(の)なら」 "If~not," "if it is not the case." Vneg nai (no) nara expresses a negative supposition or condition. Examples: 野田さんが行かない（の）なら、私も行かない。 Noda-san ga ikanai (no) nara, watashi mo ikanai. If Mr. Noda doesn't go, I won't go either. テレビを見ない（の）なら、消しなさい。 Terebi o minai (no) nara, keshi nasai. If you're not watching the TV, turn it off. 今発表しない（の）なら、いつするつもりですか。 Ima happyō shinai (no) nara, itsu suru tsumori desu ka. If you don't announce it now, when do you intend to do it? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Tokoro・ところ」 １．Indicates that one is on the verge of doing something: preceded by the root form of the verb: "just about to." Examples: これから出かけるところなので、ゆっくり話をする時間はありません。 Kore kara dekakeru tokoro na no de, yukkuri hanashi o suru jikan wa arimasen. Since I'm just about to go out, I don't have time for a leisurely talk. 山田さんに電話をするところですが、何か伝言はありませんか。 Yamada-san ni denwa o suru tokoro desu ga, nani ka dengon wa arimasen ka. I'm just about to call Yamada. Do you have any messages for him? ２．Indicates that an action is presently taking place (preceded by V-te iru). Examples: 今手紙を書いているところです。 Ima tegami o kaite iru tokoro desu. I am writing a letter just now. 「I am in the midst of writing a letter.」 役員は、今その問題を検討しているところです。 Yakuin wa, ima sono mondai o kentō shite iru tokoro desu. The directors now have that problem under advisement. 「The directors are just now taking that problem under consideration.」 ３．Indicates that an action has just come to an end (preceded by V-ta). Examples: 彼は今成田に着いたところです。 Kare wa ima Narita ni tsuita tokoro desu. He just now arrived at Narita [airport]. 広田さんは、今日フランスから帰国したところですよ。 Hirota-san wa, kyō Furansu kara kikoku shita tokoro desu yo. Hirota just today returned from France. ４．Indicates the conclusion of a certain action at the end of a clause: "when, upon." Examples: デパートに問い合わせてみたところ、その品物は売り切れだった。 Depāto ni toiawasete mita tokoro, sono shinamono wa uri-kire datta. When I inquired at the department store, [I found that] the item was sold out. 大学の図書館で調べたところ、その作家は詩も書いていたことがわかった。 Daigaku no tosho-kan de shirabeta tokoro, sono sakka wa shi mo kaite ita koto ga wakatta. When I checked at the university library, I learned that the writer had written poems as well. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 郡 「9 Strokes」 「Gun・County, District」 あなたはどこの郡ですか。 Anata wa doko no gun desu ka. What county are you from? Other uses for 郡 郡部「ぐんぶ」Gunbu・Rural district 新田郡「にったぐん」Nitta-gun・Nitta District (Gunma Prefecture) Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language Adjectives and Adverbs 「８」 The Tari Form (Adj Tari) The tari form is obtained by adding kattari to the stem of an i-adjective or dattari to the stem of a na-adjective. 8.1 Adj tari + Adj tari suru ～ たり～たりする ”Sometimes ～ and sometimes ～” The repeated use of the tari form of an i- or a na-adjective followed by the verb suru expressing an alternative or indefinite number of states in no particular sequence. Examples: 木田先生は学生に厳しかったりやさしかったりする。 Kida-sensei wa gakusei ni kibishikattari yasashikattari suru. Professor Kida is sometimes strict and sometimes gentle with his students. あの店の包装紙は赤かったり白かったり青かったりします。 Ano mise no hōsōshi wa akakattari shirokattari aokattari shimasu. The wrapping paper at that store is sometimes red, sometimes white, and sometimes blue. この時計は正確だったり不正確だったりする。 Kono tokei wa seikakudattari fuseikakudattari suru. This watch is sometimes accurate and sometimes inaccurate. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai to・ ないと」 "If ~ not" Vneg nai to expresses a negative condition that brings about an inevitable result. Examples: 薬を飲まないと熱が下がらない。 Kusuri o nomanai to netsu ga sagaranai. If you don't take medicine, your fever won't go down. 電灯をつけないと見えない。 Dentō o tsukenai to mienai. If I don't turn on the light, I can't see. みんなが協力しないとこの仕事は完成しません。 Minna ga kyōryoku shinaito kono shigoto wa kansei shimasen. If everyone doesn't cooperate, this job won't be completed. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the verb miru ("see"), expresses the subject's attempt at doing something to see what it is like. Here miru is used as an auxiliary and by convention is written in hiragana, not kanji. Examples: ジムは東京から大阪まで新幹線に乗ってみた。 Jimu wa Tōkyō kara Ōsaka made shinkansen ni notte mita. Jim took the bullet train from Tokyo to Osaka (to see what it is like). ジュヂイさんは初めて日本の着物を着てみました。 Judī-san wa hajimete Nihon no kimono o kite mimashita. Judy tried on a Japanese kimono for the first time. この事は先生と相談してみます。 Kono koto wa sensei to sōdan shite mimasu. As for this matter, I will consult with my teacher (to see what he/she thinks about it). Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 付 「5 Strokes」 「Fu, Tsu(ku)・Be attached, Belong (to)・Tsu(keru)・Attach, Apply」 あなたの欠点に気付いて、それらを修正してください。 Anata no ketten ni kizuite, sorera o shūsei shite kudasai. Take notice of your faults, to fix them. other uses for付 交付「こうふ」Kōfu・Deliver, Hand over 日付け「ひづけ」Hizuke・Date (of a letter) 付き物「つきもの」Tsukimono・What (something) entails, Adjunct Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Mono nara・ものなら」 １．After a potential verb or -ō/-yō form of a verb, indicates a condition and result, with an added sense of censure or threat: "if...then." Examples: あなたにできるものなら、やってみてください。 Anata ni dekiru mono nara, yatte mite kudasai. If it's something you can do, go ahead and do it. 「If you think you can do it, go ahead and try.」 政治家がそんなばかなことをしようものなら、国民は黙っていませんよ。 Seiji-ka ga sonna baka na koto o shiyō mono nara, kokumin wa damatte imasen yo. If the politicians do something stupid like that, the people aren't going to keep quiet about it. ２．Indicates a condition and bad result: "if...then." Examples: 課長がそんあやり方をしようものなら、部下は課長を全然信頼しなくなるでしょうね。 Kachō ga sonna yarikata o shiyō mono nara, buka wa kachō o zenzen shinrai shinaku naru deshō ne. If the section chief goes about it in that way, his subordinates will lose all faith in him. これ以上仕事を続けようものなら、あなたは死んでしまいますよ。 Kore ijō shigoto o tsuzukeyō mono nara, anata wa shinde shimai masu yo. If you work any harder than this, you're going to die, you know. 「If you continue working the way you are now, you will end up killing yourself.」 ３．Indicates a condition and bad result: "if...then." Examples: 空を飛べるものなら飛んでみたい。 Sora o toberu mono nara tonde mitai. If it were possible to fly, I would like to try it. 会社へ行かなくていいものなら行きたくない。 Kaisha e ikanakute ii mono nara ikitaku nai. If it were all right not to go to work, I wouldn't [want to] to. 「I wouldn't go to work if I didn't have to.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 村 「7 Strokes」 「Son, Mura・Village」 農村部の村は美しい。 Nōson-bu no mura wa utsukushī. Rural villages can be beautiful. Other uses for村 村会「そんかい」Sonkai・Village assembly 村長「そんちょう」Sonchō・Village mayor 村民「そんみん」Sonmin・Villager 村人「むらびと」Murabito・Villager Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Nara・なら」 １．Indicates a supposition and result: "If...then." NOTE: Nara is often used after nouns. It is similar to -ba, -tara, and to. Examples: 私は午後ばら暇がありますよ。 Watashi wa gogo nara hima ga arimasu yo. If it's in the afternoon, I'm free. 「I'll be free in the afternoon.」 明日雨なら、ゴルフに行かないつもりです。 Ashita ame nara, gorufu ni ikanai tsumori desu. Tomorrow, if it's raining, I don't intend to go golfing. 「I don't plan to go golfing tomorrow if it rains.」 あの人が行くなら、私は行きたくないですね。 Ano hito ga iku nara, watashi wa ikitaku nai desu ne. If she's going, I sure don't want to. NOTE: A major difference between nara and -tara is that the clause after nara emphasizes what would (definitely) take place if the supposed even were to occur, whereas the result clause after -tara emphasizes what would "happen to" take place. 乗るなら飲むな。飲んだら乗るな。 Noru nara nomu na. Nondara noru na. If you [are going to] drive, don't drink. If you have been drinking, don't drive. ２．Indicates that a topic is being brought up: "as for." Examples: その問題なら、もう解決しました。 Sono mondai nara, mō kaiketsu shimashita. As for that problem, It had already been settled. 和歌の参考書なら、佐々木先生の研究室にある。 Waka no sankō-sho nara, Sasaki-sensei no kenkyū-shitsu ni aru. If it's reference books on waka [that you're looking for], they're in Professor Sasaki's office. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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