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Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Made・まで」 「１」Indicates a time limitation for actions or events (often paired with kara): "until, till, to." Examples: この会社の社員は9時から5時まで働きます。 Kono kaisha no shain wa kuji kara goji made hatarakimasu. The employees of this company work from nine o'clock till five o'clock. このデパートは、土曜日と日曜日は8時までです。 Kono depāto wa, doyōbi to nichiyōbi wa hachi-ji made desu. This department store is open until 8 o'clock on Saturdays and Sundays. 「２」Indicates a place to which an action extends (often paired with kara): "to." Examples: この飛行機は東京からホノルルまで行きます。 Kono hikōki wa Tōkyō kara Honoruru made ikimasu. This plane goes from Tokyo to Honolulu. このから京都まで何時間かかりますか。 Kono kara Kyōto made nan-jikan kakarimasu ka. How long does it take to get from here to Kyoto? 「３」Indicates the degree of a condition by citing an example (e.g., it is not just cold, it is so cold that my glasses have frozen over): "even, so...that." Examples: 子供だけでなく大人まで、そのゲームを楽しんだ。 Kodomo dake de naku otona made, sono gēmu o tanoshinda. Not only the children but even the adults enjoyed [playing] that game. その日山の上はとても寒くて、夕方には雪まで降ってきた。 Sonohi Yama no ue wa totemo samukute, yūgata ni wa yuki made futte kita. The top of the mountain was very cold that day; it even started snowing in the evening. 「The mountaintop was so cold that day it even started to snow in the evening.」 Hope this was helpful! See you for part 2! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 In Japanese, when expressing quantity, adverbs such as takusan ("many"), sukoshi ("a few," "a little"), or ōzei ("many" in reference to people) are placed after the subject marker, as shown in (a). Alternatively, quantity can be described by specifying a number and adding a counter, as in (b). There are various kinds of counters used in Japanese, depending on the type of object being counted. For example, the counter -hon is used for long cylindrical objects such as pencils or bottles; -satsu for books; -hiki for small animals; and -mai for thin, flat objects such as papers or blankets. Numbers with counters, like adverbs, come after the subject-marker. 「A」りんごがたくさんある/あります。 Ringo ga takusan aru/arimasu. There are lots of apples. 「B」俳優が5人いる/います。 Haiyū ga go-nin iru/ imasu. There are five actors. Examples: ビールの瓶が2本あります。 Bīru no bin ga ni-hon arimasu. There are two beer bottles. 見物人が大勢いました。 Kenbutsunin ga ōzei imashita. There were many sightseers. 子供が4人と犬が3匹いる。 Kodomo ga yonin to inu ga san-biki iru. There are four children and three dogs. 毛布が6枚ありました。 Mōfu ga roku-mai arimashita. There were six blankets. Hope that was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+made ni・までに」 ”By the time," "Before." Vdic made ni is used to express a temporal limit for an action. It may be replaced by mae ni. Examples: 日が沈むまでに目的地に着きたい。 Hi ga shizumu made ni mokutekichi ni tsukitai. We want to reach our destination before the sun sets. 彼が旅行に出かけるまでにもう一度会いたいです。 Kare ga ryokō ni dekakeru made ni mō ichido aitai desu. I want to see him once more before he leaves for his trip. 飛行機が到着するまでに二時間ある。 Hikōki ga tōchaku suru made ni nijikan aru. It will be two hours before the airplane arrives. Hope this is helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Kara・から」 「Part 3」 「７」Indicates the agent of a passive verb (the person or thing performing the action): "by." NOTE: The agent of a passive verb is usually indicated by ni, but kara may replace ni, with no basic change in meaning, when (1) the noun preceeding kara can be perceived more as the source of an action that is an agent (2)when kara makes the meaning clearer by avoiding a repetition of ni (as in the first example below). Examples of other verbs in conjunction with which kara can replace ni are ai suru (to love), kiku (to ask), meirei suru (to order), shikaru (to scold), shiraberu (to examine). Examples: 私は大使からパーティーに招待されました。 Watashi wa taishi kara pātī ni shōtai sa remashita. I was invited to a party by the ambassador. 昨日課長から叱られた。 Kinō kachō kara shikarareta. I was scolded by the section chief yesterday. 「B」Follows verbs and adjectives to indicate a cause or reason: "since, because." 「１」Indicates a cause or reason: "since, because." NOTE: Kara can be replaced by no de in this usage. In general, (1) kara indicates a more subjective reason, no de a more objective one; and (2) no de is softer and more polite than kara. Examples: 忙しかったから私たちは公園へ行きませんでした。 Isogashikatta kara watashi-tachi wa kōen e ikimasen deshita. We didn't go to the park because we were too busy. あのレストランは安いからいつも混んでいます。 Ano resutoran wa yasui kara itsumo konde imasu. That restaurant is inexpensive, so it's always crowded. 「２」Used trailingly at the end of a sentence, indicates censure or warning to the listener: "so you had better." Examples: そんあことばかり言っているとみんあ嫌われるから。。。 Sonna koto bakari itte iru to minna ni kirawareru kara... If you say only those kinds of things, you're going to be disliked by everyone (so stop saying them). 「If you keep saying things like that, people aren't going to like it.」 勉強しないと試験に合格できないから。。。 Benkyō shinai to shiken ni gōkaku dekinai kara... If you don't study, you won't be able to pass the exam (so you had better study). Hope this is helpful, and see you again for the particle made・まで じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 書 「10 Strokes」 「Sho, Ka(ku)・Write」 私は自分の話を書き続けようとしています。 Watashi wa jibun no hanashi o kaki tsudzukeyou to shite imasu. 「I keep trying to write my story.」 Other uses for 書 書物「しょもつ」Shomotsu・Book 署名「しょめい」Shomei・Book title 書き取り「かきとり」Kakitori・Dictation 前書き「まえがき」Maegaki・Foreward, preface 文書「ぶんしょ、もんじょ」Bunsho, monjo・（In) writing, document Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The particle to lists two or more items exhaustively, whereas the particle yo lists two or more items non-exhaustively, implying the existence of others. 「A」切手と封筒がある/あります。 Kitte to fūtō ga aru/ arimasu. There are stamps and envelopes. 「B」カメラマンやレポーターがいる/います。 Kameraman ya repōtā ga iru/ imasu. There are cameramen and reporters (and others). Examples: 赤いセーターと茶色のハンドバッグがあります。 Akai sētā to chairo no handobaggu ga arimasu. There is a red sweater and a brown handbag. 桜の木や松の木があった。 Sakura no ki ya matsu no ki ga atta. There were cherry trees and pine trees and others. 1年生と2年生がいます。 Ichi-nensei to ni-nensei ga imasu. There are first and second-year students. セールスマンやバイヤーがいた。 Sērusuman ya baiyā ga ita. There were salesmen and buyers and others. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + koto ga aru ことがある」 ”There are/were times when." The phrase koto ga aru, used after adjectives is used to indicate that a state exists or has existed from time to time. 「A」古い/古かったことがある。 Furui/furukatta koto ga aru. There are/were times when...is/was cold. 「B」危険な*/危険だったことがある。 Kikenna*/kiken datta koto ga aru. There are/were times when...is/was dangerous. Examples: あの店のパンは古いことがある。 Ano mise no pan wa furui koto ga aru. There are times when the bread at the store is old. ワープロがとても高かったことがあります。 Wāpuro ga totemo takakatta koto ga arimasu. There was a time when word processors were very expensive. 登山は危険なことがあります。 Tozan wa kikenna koto ga arimasu. Mountain climbing can be dangerous at times. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「A」近道が/はなかった/ありませんでした。 Chikamichi ga/ wa nakatta/ arimasen deshita. There was no shortcut. 「B」乗客が/はいなかった/いませんでした。 Jōkyaku ga/ wa inakatta/ imasen deshita. There were no passengers. In Japanese, with a negative sentence in the past tense, atta or arimashita is changed to nakatta or arimasen deshita, and ita or imashita changes to inakatta or imasen deshita. Examples: 冷たい飲み物が/はありませんでした。 Tsumetai nomimono ga/wa arimasen deshita. There weren't any cold drinks. 若いウエイトレスが/はいなかった。 Wakai ueitoresu ga/wa inakatta. There were no young waitresses. バスが/はなかった。タクシーもなかった。 Basu ga/wa nakatta. Takushī mo nakatta There were no busses. There were no taxis, either. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+made まで」 ”Until" Vdic + made is used to express a temporal limit for an action. Examples: アパートが空くまで二か月待ちました。 Apāto ga aku made nikagetsu machimashita. I waited two months until the apartment became vacant. 空が晴れるまでホテルにいました。 Sora ga hareru made hoteru ni imashita, I stayed at the hotel until the sky cleared up. ジムは卒業するまでよく頑張りました。 Jimu wa sotsugyō suru made yoku ganbarimashita. Jim held on well until he graduated. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 筆 「11 Strokes」 「Hitsu, Fude・Writing Brush」 クールな筆名がありますか？ Kūruna hitsumei ga arimasu ka? 「Do you have a cool pen name?」 Other uses for 筆 万年筆「まんねんひつ」Mannenhitsu・Fountain pen 自筆「じひつ」Jihitsu・One's own handwriting; autograph 文筆「ぶんぴつ」Bunpitsu・Literary work, writing 筆先「ふでさき」Fudesaki・Tip of the writing brush Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+mae ni 前に」 ”Before" Vdic mae ni expresses a temporal relation between one action and another. Examples: 彼は時々ベルが鳴る前に教室を出る。 Kare wa tokidoki beru ga naru mae ni kyōshitsu o deru. Sometimes he leaves the classroom before the bell rings. 寝る前に歯を磨きます。 Neru mae ni ha o migakimasu. I brush my teeth before going to bed. 予習する前に復讐する。 Yoshū suru mae ni fukushū suru. I review [my lessons] before preparing my lessons [for tomorrow]. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ こゆうきあいはら Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Kara・から」 「Part 2」 「D」After the -te form of verbs, indicates an action begins immediately after the previous one ends: "after." Examples: 昨日私は仕事は終わってから買い物をしました。 Kinō watashi wa shigoto wa owatte kara kaimono o shimashita. Yesterday I went shopping after finishing work. 明日の夜、食事をしてから映画を見ませんか。 Ashita no yoru, shokuji o shite kara eiga o mimasen ka. How about seeing a movie tomorrow night after [having] dinner. 「E」After the -te form of verbs, used to indicate the passage of time: "since, for." Examples: 山田さんが大学を卒業してから５年になります。 Yamada-san ga daigaku o sotsugyō shite kara gonen ni narimasu. Five years have passed since Yamada graduated college. あの２人が結婚してから２０年だそうです。 Ano futari ga kekkon shite kara nijū-nen da sō desu. I understand that it is twenty years since those two were married. 「I hear that those two have been married for twenty years.」 「F」Used to indicate materials used: "from." NOTE: Kara and de are similar in usage. however, the former tends to accompany materials that are the result of a somewhat complex process, whereas the latter is generally used with materials that retain, or appear to retain, their original state, such as wood, rock, leather, paper, and glass. Examples: ワインはぶどうから作ります。 Wain wa budō kara tsukurimasu. Wine is made from grapes. 豆腐は何から作るか知っていますか。 Tōfu wa nani kara tsukuru ka shitte imasu ka. Do you know what tofu is made from? Hope this was helpful! And see you for part 3! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 In Japanese, when expressing past tense, the verb aru or arimasu changes to atta or aimashita, and the verb iru or imasu is changed to ita or imashita. 「A」地震があった/ありました。 Jishin ga atta/arimashita. There was an earthquake. 「B」黒い熊がいた/いました。 Kuroi kuma ga ita/imashita. There was a black bear. Examples: ゆうべ交通事故がありました。 Yūbe kōtsū jiko ga arimashita. There was a traffic accident last night. 買い物客がいました。 Kaimonokyaku ga imashita. There were shoppers. 象がいた。きりんもいた。 Zō ga ita. Kirin mo ita. There were elephants. There were also giraffes. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+Kawari ni代わりに」 ”Instead of," ”To make up for." The verb Kawari ni expresses an action which is replaced by another action. Examples: 今晩遊ぶ代わりに明日よく勉強する。 Konban asobu kawari ni ashita yoku benkyō suru. I'll study hard tomorrow to make up for having fun tonight. 言葉を覚える代わりに漢字を練習します。 Kotoba o oboeru kawari ni kanji o renshū shimasu. Instead of memorizing words, I'll practice kanji. 会議に出席する代わりにレポートを提出します。 Kaigi ni shusseki suru kawari ni repōto o teishutsu shimasu. Instead of attending the meeting, I'll submit the report. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Kara・から」 「A」 Follows nouns and the -te verb form: ”From." 「１」After a noun, used to indicate the time at which something begins: "from, at." Examples: 銀行は９時から開いています。 Ginkō wa kuji kara aite imasu. Banks are open from nine o' clock. 「Banks open at nine.」 日本語のクラスは、１時から４時までです。 Nihongo no kurasu wa, ichiji kara yoji made desu. Japanese class lasts from one to four o' clock. 「２」After a noun, used to indicate the place from which something begins: "from, at." Examples: マラソンはここから出発します。 Marason wa koko kara shuppatsu shimasu. 「The marathon starts (from) here.」 社長はパリから飛行機でスペインへ行きます。 Shachō wa Pari kara hikōki de Supein e ikimasu. The company president will go from Paris to Spain by plane. 「３」Kara can be used with certain idiomatic usages where figurative references to place are made. Examples: 新聞をはすみからすみまで読んだ Shinbun o wa sumi kara sumi made yonda. I read the newspaper from beginning to end. 「Lit., ...from corner to corner.」 女の人の目から見れば、日本にはまだ差別がたくさなる。 Onna no hito no me kara mireba, Nihon ni wa mada sabetsu ga takusan aru. From a woman's viewpoint, there is still a lot of discrimination in Japan. 「Lit., ...Looking from a woman's eyes.」 Hope this was helpful! And see you for part 2！ じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 竹 「6 Strokes」 「Chiku, Take・Bamboo」 竹は多目的な素材です。 Take wa tamokuteki na sozai desu. 「Bamboo is a versatile material.」 Other uses for 竹 竹林「ちくりん」Chikurin・Bamboo grove/thicket 竹刀「しない」Shinai・Bamboo sword (for kendo) 竹の子「たけのこ」Takenoko・Bamboo shoots 竹のつえ「たけのつえ」Take no tsue・Bamboo cane 竹やぶ「たけやぶ」Takeyabu・Bamboo thicket Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「A」食べ物が/はない/ありません。 Tabbemono ga/wa nai/arimasen There isn't any food. 「B」通訳が/はいない/いません。 Tsūyaku ga/wa inai/imasen. There is no interpreter. The negative form of the verb aru or arimasu is nai (not aranai ) or arimasen, and the negative form of iru or imasu is inai or imasen. The particle wa is capable of replacing ga in a negative sentence if the speaker wishes to suggest that although one person or thing (marked by wa ) may be absent, other similar people or things are or will be present. In example, if wa is used instead of ga in sentence (A), the speaker could be suggesting that although there is no food, there are drinks (or something else), whereas if ga is used, they would be simply stating that there is or will be no food, period. Similarly, (B) with wa rather than ga could suggest that other professionals, besides interpreters, are or will be present (even though interpreters are or will not be), whereas with ga the implication is that an interpreter is what is missing-an emphatic statement. The particle mo can be used in a negative sentence to mean "either," in which case it replaces the subject-marker ga or the topic-marker wa. Examples: おもしろいニュースがありません。 Omoshiroi nyūsu ga arimasen. There isn't any interesting news. 観光客はいません。 Kankōkyaku wa imasen. There aren't any tourists. 馬がいない。羊もいない。 Uma ga inai. Hitsuji mo inai. There aren't any horses. There are no sheep, either. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj+pred hazu da はずだ」 ”I expect that～" When used an adjective, hazu will express the speaker's expectation or belief that someone or something is, was, or will be in some state. Hazu is a pseudonoun- a noun which is never used independently. 「A」短い/短かったはずだ。 Mijikai/mijikakatta hazu da. （I expect that....is/was/will be short.） 「B」清潔な*/清潔だったはずだ。 Seiketsuna*/seiketsu datta hazu da (I expect that....is/was/will be clean.) *Daだ is changed to naな Examples: 今日の会議は短いはずだ。 Kyō no kaigi wa mijikai hazu da. I expect that today's meeting will be short. 病院はみな清潔なはずです。 Byōin wa mina seiketsuna hazu desu. The hospitals are most certainly clean. 手続きは簡単だったはずだ。 Tetsuzuki wa kantan datta hazu da. The procedure was no doubt simple. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vdic+hō ga ~ yori ほうが～より」 "Do ~ than do~" Vdic+hō ga ~ yori is used to express a comparison between two actions. Hō is a pseudo noun. Examples: 勝つほうが負けるよりいい。 Katsu hō ga makeru yori ii. Winning is better than losing. 車はここに止めるよりあそこに止めるほうが安全です。 Kuruma wa koko ni tomeru yori asoko ni tomeru hō ga anzendesu. It is safer to park the car here, than (park) over there. 自分で料理するほうが外食するより楽しいです。 Jibun de ryōri suru hō ga gaishoku suru yori tanoshīdesu. It is more enjoyable to cook myself than to dine out. Hope that is helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 森 「12 Strokes」 「Shin, Mori ・Forest, Woods」 あなたは森の中を歩くことを楽しんでいますか？ Anata wa mori no naka o aruku koto o tanoshinde imasu ka? 「Do you enjoy walking in the woods?」 Other uses for 森 森林「しんりん」Shinrin・Woods, forest 大森「おおもり」Ōmori・Area of Tōkyō 森「もり」Mori・Surname Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj pred + Dake da だけだ」 "only," "just," "that's all" 大きい/大きかっただけだ Ōkī/ ōkikatta dake da (is/was only big) まじめな*/まじめだっただけだ Majimena*/majimedatta dake da (is/was only serious) *da changes to na When used after an adjective, the particle dake limits someone or something to the state expressed by the specific adjective. The particle bakari may be used in place of dake. Examples: あのステーキは大きかっただけだ。 Ano sutēki wa ōkikatta dake da. The steak was big, that's all. 彼はまじめなばかりで、仕事は出来ない。 Kare wa majinmena bakari de, shigoto wa dekinai. He is too conscientious and cannot do (good) work. 本田さんはゴルフが好きなだけだ。上手じゃない。 Honda-san wa gorufu ga sukina dake da. Jōzu ja nai. Mr. Honda just loves gold. It's not that he's good at it. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Describing the existence of animate and inanimate things」 「A」テレビがある/あります。 Terebi ga aru/arimasu. There is a TV set. 「B」男の子がいる/います。 Otoko no ko ga iru/imasu. There are boys. In Japanese, two different verbs are used to express the idea that someone or something exists. Aru ("there is") is used with inanimate objects such as books, plants, buildings, etc,, while iru ("there is") is used with animate objects such as people, animals, and insects. The polite forms are arimasu, and imasu, respectively. When the particle mo ("also") is used in a sentence where the topic is of the existence of someone or something, it replaces the subject marker ga. Examples: 交番があります。 Kōban ga arimasu. There is a police box. 警官がいます。 Keikan ga imasu. There is a policeman. 白い鳥がいる、青い鳥もいる。 Shiroi tori ga iru. Aoi tori mo iru. There are white birds. There are also blue birds. Hope this was helpful! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° こゆうきあいはら °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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