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Japanese Language 「Particles」 「Shi・し」 １．Indicates (and often emphasizes) the occurance or existance of two or more actions or states: "and, as well as." Examples: ハワイは孤高はいいし、花も美しいし、いいところですよ。 Hawai wa kikō wa ii shi, hana mo utsukushii shi, ii tokoro desu yo. Hawaii is a nice place: the climate is good, and the flowers are beautiful. 新しい課長は頑固だし、仕もできないですよ。 Atarashii kachō wa ganko da shi, shigoto mo dekinai desu yo. The new section chief is pigheaded and can't do the work either. 2. Indicates a reason or reasons for the following conclusion: "and .... so." Examples: 武村さんは、みんなから信頼されていないし、人気もないし、グループをまとめるのは無理でしょう。 Takemura-san wa, minna kara shinrai sa rete inaishi, ninki mo naishi, gurūpu o matomeru no wa muri deshō. Takemura is no trusted by anyone and is not popular, so it would be impossible for him to lead the group. あのレストランは、サービスは悪いし、料理はまずいし、行かない方がいいですよ。 Ano resutoran wa, sābisu wa warui shi, ryōri wa mazuishi, ikanai hō ga ii desu yo. The service at that restaurant is bad and the food is poor, so you had better not go there. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai yō ni naru・ないようになる」 ”Reach the point where ~ not." Vneg nai yō ni naru expresses with a negative verb some change that take place gradually. Examples: 林さんはたばこを吸わないようになりました。 Hayashi-san wa tabako o suwanai yō ni narimashita. Mr. Hayashi has reached the point where he does not smoke. ジムは学校に遅れないようになりました。 Jimu wa gakkō ni okurenai yō ni narimashita. Jim has reached the point where he is not late for school. 「Jim is not late for school anymore.」 野田さんは残業しないようになりました。 Noda-san wa zangyō shinai yō ni narimashita. Miss Noda has reached the pont where she doesn't work overtime. 「Ms. Noda doesn't work overtime anymore.」 Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こおゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 同 「6 Strokes」 「Dō, Ona(ji)・Same」 あなたはガールフレンドと同じ家に住んでいるのを楽しんでいますか。 Anata wa gārufurendo to onaji-ka ni sunde iru no o tanoshinde imasu ka. Do you enjoy living in the same house with your girlfriend? Other uses for同 同意「どうい」Dōi・Agreement, consent 合同「どうどう」Gōdō・Combination, merger, joint 共同「きょうどう」Kyōdō・Joint, communal, cooperative 同時に「どうじに」Dōji-ni・At the same time, simultaneously 同居「こうきょ」Dōkyo・Live in the same house, live together Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adj stem + mi・み」 ”ness” The suffix mi added to the stem of a limited number of i-adjectives turns the adjective into a noun that expresses something emotive, or tangible. Examples: 彼女は友達の死の知らせに深い悲しみに沈んだ。 Kanojo wa tomodachi no shi no shirase ni fukai kanashimi ni shizunda. At the news of her friend's death, she yielded to deep sorrow. 旅行は私の一番の楽しみです。 Ryokō wa watashi no ichiban no tanoshimi desu. Traveling is my number one pleasure. このビール苦みがありますね。 Kono bīru nigami ga arimasu ne. This beer has a bitter taste, doesn't it? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by the particle kara ("after"), expresses a temporal relation between one action and another: after doing one thing (or after one thing happens), one does another thing (or another thing happens). The tense of a sentence with te kara is determined by the final verb. Examples: 由紀子(さん)は学校が終わってからテニスをします。 Yukiko(-san) wa gakkō ga owatte kara tenisu o shimasu. Yukiko plays tennis after school finishes. 彼は車を買ってから免許をとった。 Kare wa kuruma o katte kara menkyo o totta. He got his liscense after he bought the car. ベンは高校を卒業してから空軍に入った。 Ben wa kōkō o sotsugyō shite kara kūgun ni haitta. After graduating from high school, Ben joined the Air Force. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 供 「8 Strokes」 「Kyō[Ku]・Offer・Sona(eru)・Make an offering, Dedicate・Tomo・Attendant, Companion」 私は家に提供を作っています。 Watashi wa ie ni teikyō o tsukutte imasu. I am making an offer on the house. Other uses for 供 子供「こども」Kodomo・Child 供物「くもつ」Kumotsu・Votive offering 供出「きょうしゅつ」Kyōshutsu・Delivery 自供「じきょう」Jikyō・Confession, admission Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「-Tari・たり」 １．Indicates that several actions are listed in no particular sequence: "such things as." Examples: 日曜日はたいてい友達とテニスをしたり、映画を見に行ったりします。 Nichiyōbi wa taitei tomodachi to tenisu o shi tari, eiga o mi ni ittari shimasu. On Sundays, I usually do such things as play tennis with my friends or go to see movies. 旅行中は美術館に行ったりお土産を買ったりで、あっという間に時間がなくなりました。 Ryokō-chū wa bijutsu-kan ni ittari odosan o kattari de, attoiumani jikan ga nakunarimashita. Time passed quickly during the trip, what with going to museums, buying souvenirs for people back home, and such. NOTE: Used with only one verb, -tari indicates that the action of the verb is representative of a number of actions: "such things as." 天気の悪い日には、家で音楽を聞いたりします。 Tenki no warui hi ni wa, ie de ongaku o kiitari shimasu. On days when the weather is bad, I listen to music and do other such things at home. ２．Indicates that several similar actions are performed. Examples: 午前中は漢字を書いたり読んだりする。 Gozen-chū wa kanji o kaitari yondari suru. In the morning I read and write kanji. この頃その俳優のことをテレビや雑誌で聞いたり見たりします。 Konogoro sono haiyū no koto o terebi ya zasshi de kiitari mitari shimasu. These days we [often] see and hear about that actor on TV and in the magazines. ３．Indicates repetition of contrasting actions. Examples: そんなにテレビをつけたり消したりしないでちょうだい。 Sonna ni terebi o tsuketari keshitari shinaide chōdai. Stop turning the TV on and off like that. 今週、株は上がったり下がったりしています。 Konshū, kabu wa agattari sagattari shite imasu. Stocks are going up and down this week. ４．Used with the same verb in positive and negative forms: "sometimes I do and sometimes I don't." Examples: 父は体の調子によって、ゴルフに行ったり行かなかったりします。 Chichi wa karada no chōshi ni yotte, gorufu ni ittari ikanakattari shimasu. My father goes to play golf [and not to play golf] depending on his physical condition. 日曜日には、テレビを見たり見なかったりします。 Nichiyōbini wa, terebi o mitari minakattari shimasu. Sometimes I watch TV on Sundays, and sometimes I don't. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vneg + nai yō ni iu・ ないように言う」 ”Tell someone not to do∼." Vneg nai yō ni iu expresses an indirect command. The verb iu may be replaced by other verbs such as tanomu 頼む (ask) or chūkoku suru 忠告する (advise) to express requests or suggestions. Examples: 子供に廊下を走らないようにいう。 Kodomo ni rōka o hashiranai yō ni iu. I'll tell the children not to run in the corridor. 私は小野さんに窓を開けないように頼みました。 Watashi wa Ono-san ni mado o akenai yō ni tanomimashita. I asked Miss Ono not to open the window. 彼は私に今株に投資しないように忠告しました。 Kare wa watashi ni ima kabu ni tōshi shinai yō ni chūkoku shimashita. He advised me not to invest in stocks now. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 共 「6 Strokes」 「Kyō・Together; (short for) Communism・Tomo・Together・-Tomo・Including」 彼女と共通の趣味は何ですか。 Kanojo to kyōtsū no shumi wa nani desu ka? What hobbies do you share in common with her? Other uses for共 共学「きょうがく」Kyōgaku・Co-education 公共「こうきょう」Kōkyō・The public, community 共和国「きょうわこく」Kyōwakoku・Republic Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Particles」 「-Nagara・ながら」 1. Indicates that two actions are taking place simultaneously: "as, while." NOTE: The subject of both clauses must be the same. In English translation, the main and subordinate clauses of the Japanese are usually reversed. Examples: 毎朝テレビを見ながら、朝ご飯を食べます。 Maiasa terebi o minagara, asagohan o tabemasu. Every morning, I watch television as I eat breakfast. 「Lit.,.... I eat breakfast as I watch television.」 青木さんはいつも音楽を聞きながら勉強している。 Aoki-san wa itsumo ongaku o kikinagara benkyō shite iru. Aoki always listens to music while he studies. 「Lit., Aoki studies while he listens to music.」 2. Used between two clauses to emphasize that they are opposed in meaning: "although, while." Examples: 高木さんは体が弱いと言いながら、よく夜遅くまで酒を飲んでいる。 Takagi-san wa karada ga yowai to iinagara, yoku yoru osoku made sake o nonde iru. Although Takagi says he was a weak constitution [poor health], he often drinks until late at night. あの先生は学生には遅刻をしないようにと言いながら、自分はいつも遅れて学校へ来る。 Ano sensei wa gakusei ni wa chikoku o shinai yō ni to iinagara, jibun wa itsumo okurete gakkō e kuru. Although that teacher tells her students not to be late, she herself is always late in coming to school. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb is used to link two or more actions in the order of their occurrence. The tense of a sentence with the te form used in this way is determined by the final verb. NOTE: In formal speech and writing, the stem form replaces the te form. Examples: ケンは新宿でバスを降りて本屋に入った。 Ken wa Shinjuku de basu o orite hon'ya ni haitta. Ken got off the bus at Shinjuku and entered a bookstore. 彼女は朝早く起きて、ジョギングをして、朝ご飯を食べる。 Kanojo wa asa hayaku okite, jogingu o shite, asagohan o taberu. She gets up early in the morning, jogs, and eats breakfast. 友達と銀座へ行って高級レストランで食事をした。 Tomodachi to Ginza e itte kōkyū resutoran de shokuji o shita. I went to Ginza with my friend and had a meal at a high-class restaurant. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
AuthorKoyuuki Aihara Archives
December 2020
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