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Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Expressing, Ability, Preference, Desire, Intention, Resolution, and Experience」 「Part 2」 The potential form of a verb, followed by the phrase yō ni naru ("reach the point where...") , expressses the achievement of an ability or a potential; someone becomes capable of something after a process or length of time. The dictionary or nai form of a verb may be used in place of the potential form in this same pattern when expressing the same notion (Ex., 2), or when expressing a change in a situation (Ex., 3), state, or condition. Examples: かれはやっと日本語で手紙が書けるようになった。 Kare wa yatto Nihongo de tegami ga kakeruu yō ni natta. He has finally reached the point where he can write a letter in Japanese. 隣の赤ちゃんは一人で歩くようになりました。 Tonari no akachan wa hitori de aruku yō ni narimashita. Our neighbor's baby has learned to walk by herself. リンダはジュムとデートしないようになった。 Rinda wa Jimu to dēto shinai yō ni natta. Linda doesn't date Jim anymore. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °
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Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 29」 「Ato de・後で」 Ato de refers to a point in the near future. Examples: そのことはまた後で話し合いましょう。 Sono koto wa mata ato de hanashiaimashō Let's talk about that matter again later. 今忙しいから、この仕事はあとでします。 Ima isogashii kara, kono shigoto wa ato de shimasu. I'm busy now, so I'll do this work later. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Te Form」 「Part 11」 「Vte＋Mo～ても」 "even if," "although" Vte mo is used as a conjunction when expressing a condition. Examples: 博は参考書を買っても使いません。 Hiroshi wa sankōsho o katte mo tsukaimasen. Hiroshi doesn't use reference books, even if he buys them. この言葉は辞書で調べても分かりませんでした。 Kono kotoba wa jisho de shirabete mo wakarimasen deshita. Although I checked this word in the dictionary, I couldn't understand it. 彼は約束しても守らない。 Kare wa yakusoku shite mo mamoranai. Even if he promises, he doesn't keep it. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 協 「8 Strokes」 「Kyō・Cooperation」 このプロジェクトを完了するには、協力が不可欠です。 Kono purojekuto o kanryō suru ni wa, kyōryoku ga fukaketsudesu. Cooperation is integral to finishing this project. Other uses for協 協力「きょうりょく」Kyōryoku・Cooperation 協会「きょうかい」Kyōkai・Society, Association 協力者「きょうりょくしゃ」Kyōryokusha・Collaborator, Coworker 協同「きょうどう」Kyōdō・Cooperation, Collaboration, Partnership 日米協会「にちべいきょうかい」Nichi-bei kyōkai・The America-Japan Society Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 「Part 8」 「Expressing Ability, Preference, Desire, Intention, Resolution, and Experience」 ヒルさんは中国語を話すことができる/できます。 Hiru-san wa chūgokugo o hanasu koto ga dekiru/ dekimasu. The dictionary form of a verb, followed by the phrase koto ka dekiru ("can," "be able to"), expresses ability or potential. Grammatically, the noun koto ("thing") in this pattern functions to turn the verb coming before it into a gerund, so that the sentence above, with the topic, means, literally, "As for Mr. Hill, speaking Chinese is possible." A shorter potential form also exists in Japanese. The shorter forms for the three verb types are obtained as follows. NOTE：A gerund is a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?. Regular I verbs: The final syllable of the dictionary form changes from one ending in u to one ending in eru. au ("meet") aeru ("can meet") iku ("go") ikeru ("can go") oyogu ("swim") oyogeru ("can swim") hanasu ("speak") hanaseru ("can speak") matsu ("wait") materu ("can wait") asobu ("play") asoberu ("can play") yomu ("read") yomeru ("can read") kaeru ("return") kaereru ("can return") Regular II verrbs: The final ru of the dictionary form changes to rareru. miru ("see") mirareru ("can see") taberu ("meet") taberareru ("can eat") Irregular verbs: kuru ("come") korareru ("can come") suru ("do") dekiru ("can do") The direct object of a potential verb is marked by o with the koto ga dekiru pattern, but by ga with the shorter potential form. Examples: 彼女はショパンを弾くことができる/ショパンが弾ける。 Kanojo wa Shopan o hiku koto ga dekiru/ Shopan ga hajikeru. She can play Chopin. 博物館まで車で10分で行くことができます/行けます。 Hakubutsukan made kuruma de juppun de iku koto ga dekimasu/ ikemasu. You can get to the museum in ten minutes by car. ブラウンさんは日本語で演説することができる/演説ができる。 Buraun-san wa nihongo de enzetsu suru koto ga dekiru/ enzetsu ga dekiru. Mr. Brown can make speeches in Japanese. ８時までに来ることができますか/こられますか。 8-Ji made ni kuru koto ga dekimasu ka/ koraremasu ka. Can you come by 8 o'clock？ Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 28」 「Mata・また」 "again," "once more" Mata indicates a reoccurring event or action. Examples: 九州にまた台風がくるらしい。 Kyūshū ni mata taifū ga kuru rashii. It seems that a typhoon will hit Kyushu again. 次の試合でまたあのチームを負かしたい。 Tsugi no shiai de mata ano chīmu o makashitai. We want to beat that team again in the next game. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Te form」 「Part 10」 「Vte＋hoshii・てほしい」 "want (someone) to do" Vte hoshii is used to express the desire to have someone (marked by the particle ni) do something. This someone is not supposed to be of a higher status than the speaker. This pattern is used with first person with declarative sentences (ex. 1) and in the second person with interrogative sentences (ex. 2). Examples: 私は南さんにこの手紙を読んでほしい。 Watashi wa Minami-san ni kono tegami o yonde hoshii. I want Miss Minami to read this letter. あなたはだれに日本語を教えてほしいですか。 Anata wa dare ni Nihongo o oshiete hoshii desu ka. Who do you want to teach you Japanese? ホテルの予約を確認してほしいです。 Hoteru no yoyaku o kakunin shite hoshii desu. I want you to confirm the reservation at the hotel. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 労 「7 Strokes」 「Rō・Labor, Toil」 この労働力はどの程度効果的ですか。 Kono rōdō-ryoku wa dono teido kōka-teki desu ka. How effective is this labor force？ Other uses for労 労働「ろうどう」Rōdō・Work, labor 心労「しんろう」Shinrō・Worry, concern 労力「ろうりょく」Rōryoku・Trouble, effort; labor 労働者「ろうどうしゃ」Rōdōsha・Worker, laborer 労働時間「ろうどうじかん」Rōdō jikan・Working hours Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The negative te form of a verb (nakute), followed by mo ii, will express the belief of the speaker that an action is unnecessary. The negative te form of an i-adjective (ku nakute), or a na-adjective (de nakute), and followed by the same phrase, expresses the belief of the speaker that a state is unnecessary. Examples: 忙しくないから残業しなくてもいいです。 Isogashiku nai kara zangyō shinakute mo īdesu. We aren't busy, so we don't have to work overtime. この仕事は明日までに済ませなくてもいいですよ。 Kono shigoto wa ashita made ni sumasenakute mo ii desu yo. You don't have to finish this work by tomorrow. アパートは駅に近くなくてもいい。 Apāto wa eki ni chikaku nakute mo ii. The apartment doesn't have to be near the station. ホテルは高級でなくてもいいです。 Hoteru wa kōkyūde nakute mo ii desu. The hotel doesn't have to be high class. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 27」 「Mazu・先ず」 "first” Mazu indicates that the action it modifies is a priority. Examples: 京都に着いて先ず田辺さんに電話した。 Kyōto ni tsuite mazu Tanabe-san ni denwa shita. On arriving in Kyoto, I phoned Mrs. Tanabe first (before doing anything else). 先ずこの仕事を片付けてから、次の仕事にかかりましょう。 Mazu kono shigoto o katazukete kara, tsugi no shigoto ni kakarimashō． Let's finish this job first and then move on to the next. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Te Form」 「Part 9」 「Vte ＋bakari iru・ばかりいる」 "be doing nothing but" Vte bakari iru expresses the only action that a person is doing. Examples: 隣の男の子は一日中ハーモニカを吹いてばかりいる。 Tonari no otoko no ko wa ichinichijū hāmonika o fuite bakari iru. The boy next door does nothing but play a harmonica all day long. 良子さんは仕事を変えてばかりいます。 Yoshiko-san wa shigoto o kaete bakari imasu. Yoshiko does nothing but change jobs. 水木さんは同僚と議論してばかりいる。 Mizuki-san wa dōryō to giron shite bakari iru. Mr. Mizuki does nothing but argue with his colleagues. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 働 「Dō・Hatara(ku)・Work」 あなたがそんなに働き者であるのを見るのは良いことです。 Anata ga sonna ni hataraki mono de aru no o miru no wa yoi koto desu. Good to see you are such a hard worker. Other uses for 働 実働時間「じつどうじかん」Jitsudō jikan・Actual working hours 働き「はたらき」Hataraki・Work; Functioning; Ability 働き口「はたらきぐち」Hatarakiguchi・Job, position 働き手「はたらきて」Hatarakite・Breadwinner Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The stem of the nai form of a verb (the form without nai), followed by the phrase nakereba naranai ("must," "have to"), expresses the speaker's belief that an action is necessary, often due to an obligation or a duty. Similarly with adjectives, the ku form of an i-adjective or the te form of a na-adjective is followed by this same phrase, expressing the speaker's belief that a state or condition is necessary, though not necessarily due to an obligation or duty (ex., 3). Examples: 帰りにスーパーに寄らなければなりません。 Kaeri ni sūpā ni yoranakereba narimasen. I must stop by a supermarket on the way home. 果物は新しくなければならない。 Kudamono wa atarashiku nakereba naranai. Fruit must be fresh. ホテルは静かでなければならない。 Hoteru wa shizuka de nakereba naranai. The hotel must be quiet. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 26」 「Hajimete・初めて」 "for the first time" Hajimete indicates an action or event that is the first of its kind. Examples: 彼は去年初めて富士山に登った。 Kare wa kyonen hajimete Fuji-san ni nobotta. He climbed Mt. Fuji last year for the first time (in his life). 和t氏は二十歳の時、初めて車を運転した。 Watashi wa hatachi no toki, hajimete kuruma o unten shita. I drove a car for the first time at the age of twenty. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Te Form」 「Part 8」 「Vte + Kara・てから」 "after doing~" "since doing~" Vte kara expresses the relationship of the time between actions or events (after/since). Examples: このアパートに移ってから三年になる。 Kono apāto ni utsutte kara sannen ni naru. It's been three years since I moved into this apartment. 宿題を済ませてから遊びなさい。 Shukudai o sumasete kara asobinasai. Play after you finish your homework. 私は大学を卒業してから銀行で働くつもりです。 Watashi wa daigaku o sotsugyō shite kara ginkō de hataraku tsumori desu. I intend to work in a bank after graduating from college. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 動 「11 Strokes」 「Dō・Motion・Ugo(ku)・(Intr.) move・Ugo(kasu)・(tr.) Move」 ボートの動きが気になりますか？ Bōto no ugoki ga ki ni narimasu ka? Does the motion of the boat bother you? Other uses for動 自動車「じどうしゃ」Jidōsha・Automobile, Car 動物「どうぶつ」Dōbutsu・Animal 動力「どうりょく」Dōryoku・(motive for) Power 行動「ｌこうどう」Kōdō・Action 動員「どういん」Dōin・Mobilize Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb, followed by wa ikenai or wa ikemasen, is used to tell someone that they should not, or is not allowed to do something. NOTE: The verb komaru ("be troubled") or the na-adjective dame da ("no good," "useless") may be used in place of ikenai (examples 2, 3). Examples: 水が汚いから川で泳いではいけません。 Mizu ga kitanai kara kawa de oyoide wa ikemasen． The water is dirty, so you must not swim in the river. テレビをつけたまま寝てはだめですよ。 Terebi o tsuketa mama nete wa dame desu yo. You must not go to bed leaving the TV on. まだこの書類を捨てては困ります。 Mada kono shorui o sutete wa komarimasu. You must not throw away these papers yet. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 25」 「Kanete・かねて」 "before," "previously," "for some time" Kanete expresses an action or state has continued from some point in the past up to the present. Examples: その噂はかねて聞いていました。 Sono uwasa wa kanete kiite imashita. I had heard the rumor before. これはかねて欲しかったものです。 Kore wa kanete hoshikatta mono desu. This is something I've wanted for some time. 彼女はかねて練習していた曲を弾いた。 Kanojo wa kanete renshū shite ita kyoku o hīta. She played the piece (of music) that she had been practicing for some time. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Verbs」 「Vte + aru~てある」 "be -ed" Like the second iteration of Vte iru, Vte aru expresses a state of being resulting from a previous action. With this verb form, only transitive verbs are used and the subject of the sentence is always inanimate. In the Vte aru form, there is an implication that someone did the action, therefore the resulting state exists. On the other hand, in the Vte iru form, there is a lack of implication but a mere description of fact. Examples: このタオルは使ってあります。 Kono taoru wa tsukatte arimasu. This towel has been used. 教室のドアが閉めてある。 Kyōshitsu no doa ga shimete aru. The door of the classroom is closed. このテレビは修理してあります。 Kono terebi wa shūri shite arimasu. This TV set has been repaired. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 品 「9 Strokes」 「Hin・Refinement; Article・Shina・Goods; Quality」 彼女は彼女について、特別な品質を持っています。 Kanojo wa kanojo ni tsuite, tokubetsuna hinshitsu o motte imasu. She has that special quality about her. Other uses for品 品質「ひんしつ」Hinshitsu・Quality 品物「しなもの」Shinamono・Merchandise 部品「ぶひん」Buhin・（Spare/machine) parts 下品「げひん」Gehin・Unrefined, Gross, Vulgar 上品「じょうひん」Jōhin・Refined, Elegant, Graceful Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The te form of a verb or an adjective-or the negative te form (nakute for verbs, ku nakute for i-adjectives, and de nakute for na-adjectives)-followed directly by mo ii, is used to grant or ask permission to do something, or to express approval of a condition (Example 3). If one is asking permission to do something (or asking to be allowed not to do something, as the case may be), the question-marker ka is used at the end of the sentence (Example 2, 4). NOTE: Kamaimasen ("I don't mind") and yoshii desu (a more polite form of ii desu, meaning "good," "all right") may be used in place of mo ii. Examples: 明日休んでもいいですよ。 Ashita yasunde mo ii desu yo. It is all right if you take a day off tomorrow. この雑誌を借りてもかまいませんか。 Kono zasshi o karite mo kamaimasen ka. Do you mind if I borrow this magazine? 家具は新しくなくてもいいです。 Kagu wa atarashiku nakute mo ii desu. It is all right if the furniture is not new. 試験を受けんなくてもよろしいですか。 Shiken o ukennakute mo yoroshii desu ka. Is it all right if I don't take the exam? Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Adjectives and Adverbs」 「Adverbs Expressing Time」 「Part 24」 「Sudeni・すでに」 "already" Sudeni indicates an action or event that has been completed by the time some other action or event occurs. Examples: 空港に着いた時、飛行機はすでに出ていた。 Kūkō ni tsuita toki, hikōki wa sudeni dete ita. When I arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off． ホテルに電話したら、彼はすでにチェックアウトしていた。 Hoteru ni denwa shitara, kare wa sudeni chekkuauto shite ita. When I called him at the hotel, he had already checked out. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Japanese Verbs」 「Vte + iru (2) ~てうる」 "be ~ed," "be ~ing" In contrast to the first iteration of Vte iru, which expresses an ongoing action, this expresses a state of being resulting from a previous action. Standard Japanese verbs that use this form are shiru 知る (learn, realize or know), motsu 持つ (possess) and oboeru 覚える (remember). In this specific verb form, these indicate states of "knowing," "possessing" or "remembering," usually represented in English by, in the first person, "I know," "I have" and "I remember." Also note that the opposite of shitteiru is shiranai (not shitte inai). Examples: 銀行は三時まで相手いる。 Ginkō wa sanji made aite iru. The bank is open until three o' clock. 戸田さんは赤いドレスを着ています。 Toda-san wa akai doresu o kite imasu. Ms. Toda is wearing a red dress. 柄さんは結婚している。 Hara-san wa kekkon shite iru. Mr. Hara is married. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° 多 「6 Strokes」 「Ta, Ō(i)・Much, Many, Numerous」 この提案のエラーは多数あります。 Kono teian no erā wa tasū arimasu． The errors in this proposal are numerous. Other uses for 多 多元的「たげんてき」Tagenteki・Pluralistic 多数「たすう」Tasū・Large number (of); Majority 数多く「かずおおく」Kazuōku・Many, Great number (of) 大多数「だいたすう」Daitasū・The overwhelming majority 多少「たしょう」Tashō・Much or little, Many or few; Some Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° Japanese Language 「Sentence Structure」 The nai form of a verb, followed by the phrase hō ga ii, is used to give advice about what one ought not to do. It corresponds with the English "had better not do" or "ought not to do." Examples: 危険だからあの山には登らないほうがいい。 Kiken da kara ano yama ni wa noboranai hō ga ii. You had better not climb that mountain, as it is dangerous. あんな男とは付き合わないほうがいいですね。 Anna otoko to wa tsukiawanai hō ga ii desu ne. You had better not associate with that kind of man. 課長の意見に反対しないほうがいいですね。 Kachō no iken ni hantai shinai hō ga ii desu ne. Hope this helps! じゃまたね！ °˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ °こゆうきあいはら°˖ ✧◝(○ ヮ ○)◜✧˖ ° |
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